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never in a hundred years!

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1 hundred

1. adjective
1) hundert

a or one hundred — [ein]hundert

two/several hundred — zweihundert/mehrere hundert

a or one hundred and one — [ein]hundert[und]eins

a or one hundred and one people — hundert[und]ein Menschen od. Mensch

the hundred metres race — der Hundertmeterlauf

2)

a hundred [and one] — (fig.): (innumerable) hundert (ugs.)

3)

a or one hundred per cent — hundertprozentig

I'm not a hundred per cent at the moment — (fig.) momentan geht es mir nicht sehr gut. See also academic.ru/23561/eight">eight 1.
2. noun
1) (number) hundert

a or one/two hundred — [ein]hundert/zweihundert

not if I live to be a hundred — nie im Leben

in or by hundreds — hundertweise

the seventeen-hundreds — etc. das achtzehnte usw. Jahrhundert

a hundred and one — etc. [ein]hundert[und]eins usw.

it's a hundred to one that... — die Chancen stehen hundert zu eins, dass...

2) (symbol, written figure) Hundert, die; (hundred-pound etc. note) Hunderter, der

3) (indefinite amount) hundreds Hunderte Pl.

hundreds of times — hundertmal. See also eight 2. 1)

* * *
1. noun
1) ((plural hundred) the number 100: Ten times ten is a hundred; more than one/a hundred; There must be at least six hundred of them here.) das Hundert

2) (the figure 100.) die Hundert

3) (the age of 100: She's over a hundred; a man of a hundred.) das Hundert

4) ((plural hundred) a hundred pounds or dollars: I lost several hundred at the casino last night.) der Hunderter
2. adjective
1) (100 in number: six hundred people; a few hundred pounds.) hundert

2) (aged 100: He is a hundred today.) hundert

•

- hundred-
- hundredfold
- hundredth
- hundreds of
* * *

hun·dred

[ˈhʌndrəd]

I. n

1.

<pl ->

(number) Hundert f

the chances are one in a \hundred that he'll live die Chancen stehen eins zu hundert, dass er überlebt

sixty out of a \hundred agree with the president sechzig von hundert stimmen dem Präsidenten zu

I'll bet you a \hundred to one my team will win ich wette hundert zu eins, dass meine Mannschaft gewinnt

two/three/eight \hundred zwei-/drei-/achthundert

this new car is selling by the \hundreds dieses Auto wird zu Hunderten verkauft

\hundreds and \hundreds Hunderte und aber Hunderte

\hundreds of cars/people/pounds Hunderte von Autos/Leuten/Pfund

2.

<pl ->

(miles, kilometres per hour)

to drive a \hundred hundert [o fam mit hundert Sachen] fahren

3.

<pl ->

(years old)

to be/turn a \hundred hundert Jahre alt sein/werden

to live to be a \hundred hundert Jahre alt werden

4. (with centuries)

the eighteen/fifteen/twelve \hundreds das achtzehnte/fünfzehnte/zwölfte Jahrhundert

II. adj attr, inv hundert

we've driven a \hundred miles in the last hour wir sind in der letzten Stunde [ein]hundert Meilen gefahren

a \hundred and one/five/nine [ein]hundert[und]eins/-fünf/-neun

\hundred and first/second/fifth hundert[und]erste(r, s)/-zweite(r, s)/-fünfte(r, s)

to feel a \hundred per cent fit sich akk hundertprozentig fit fühlen

to work a \hundred per cent hundertprozentig arbeiten

never in a \hundred years nie im Leben

* * *
['hʌndrɪd]
1. adj
hundert
a or one hundred years — (ein)hundert Jahre

two/several hundred years — zweihundert/mehrere hundert or Hundert Jahre

a or one hundred and one (lit) — (ein)hundert(und)eins; (fig) tausend

a or one hundred and two/ten — (ein)hundert(und)zwei/-zehn

(one) hundred and first/second etc — hundert(und)erste(r, s)/-zweite(r, s) etc

a or one hundred thousand — (ein)hunderttausend

a hundred-mile walk — ein Hundertmeilenmarsch

a or one hundred per cent — hundert Prozent

a (one) hundred per cent increase — eine hundertprozentige Erhöhung, eine Erhöhung von or um hundert Prozent

a or one hundred per cent inflation — eine Inflationsrate von hundert Prozent

I'm not a or one hundred per cent fit/sure — ich bin nicht hundertprozentig fit/sicher

I agree with you one hundred per cent — ich stimme hundertprozentig mit Ihnen überein

the Hundred Years' War (Hist) — der Hundertjährige Krieg

never in a hundred years! — nie im Leben!

2. n
hundert num; (written figure) Hundert f
hundreds (lit, fig) — hunderte or Hunderte pl; ( Math : figures in column ) Hunderter pl

to count in hundreds — in hunderten or Hunderten zählen

to count up to a or one hundred —

the hundreds column (Math) — die Hunderterspalte

one in a hundred — einer unter hundert

eighty out of a hundred — achtzig von hundert

an audience of a or one/two hundred — hundert/zweihundert Zuschauer

hundreds of times — hundertmal, hunderte or Hunderte von Malen

hundreds and hundreds — Hunderte und Aberhunderte, hunderte und aberhunderte

hundreds of or and thousands — hunderttausende or Hunderttausende pl

hundreds and thousands (Cook) — Liebesperlen pl

he earns nine hundred a month — er verdient neunhundert im Monat

I'll lay (you) a hundred to one — ich wette hundert gegen eins

to sell sth by the hundred (lit, fig) — etw im Hundert verkaufen

it'll cost you a hundred — das wird dich einen Hunderter kosten

to live to be a hundred — hundert Jahre alt werden

they came in ( their) hundreds or by the hundred — sie kamen zu hunderten or Hunderten

* * *

hundred [ˈhʌndrəd; US auch -dərd]

A adj

1. hundert:

a (one) hundred (ein)hundert;

several hundred men mehrere hundert Mann

2. oft a hundred and one hunderterlei, zahllose

B s

1. Hundert n (Einheit):

hundreds and hundreds Hunderte und Aberhunderte;

by the hundred, by hundreds hundertweise, immer hundert auf einmal;

several hundred mehrere Hundert;

hundreds of thousands Hunderttausende;

hundreds of times hundertmal;

a great ( oder long) hundred hundertzwanzig

2. Hundert f (Zahl)

3. MATH Hunderter m

4. Br HIST Zent f (Unterbezirk einer Grafschaft)

5. US HIST Bezirk m, Kreis m (nur noch in Delaware)

6. hundreds and thousands GASTR Liebesperlen

h., H. abk

1. height H

2. hour ( hours pl) Std.; Uhr (bei Zeitangaben)

3. hundred

4. husband

* * *
1. adjective
1) hundert

a or one hundred — [ein]hundert

two/several hundred — zweihundert/mehrere hundert

a or one hundred and one — [ein]hundert[und]eins

a or one hundred and one people — hundert[und]ein Menschen od. Mensch

the hundred metres race — der Hundertmeterlauf

2)

a hundred [and one] — (fig.): (innumerable) hundert (ugs.)

3)

a or one hundred per cent — hundertprozentig

I'm not a hundred per cent at the moment — (fig.) momentan geht es mir nicht sehr gut. See also eight 1.
2. noun
1) (number) hundert

a or one/two hundred — [ein]hundert/zweihundert

not if I live to be a hundred — nie im Leben

in or by hundreds — hundertweise

the seventeen-hundreds — etc. das achtzehnte usw. Jahrhundert

a hundred and one — etc. [ein]hundert[und]eins usw.

it's a hundred to one that... — die Chancen stehen hundert zu eins, dass...

2) (symbol, written figure) Hundert, die; (hundred-pound etc. note) Hunderter, der

3) (indefinite amount) hundreds Hunderte Pl.

hundreds of times — hundertmal. See also eight 2. 1)

* * *

adj.

hundert adj.

English-german dictionary > hundred
2 hundred

hun·dred [ʼhʌndrəd] n

1) <pl -> ( number) Hundert f;

the chances are one in a \hundred that he'll live die Chancen stehen eins zu hundert, dass er überlebt;

sixty out of a \hundred agree with the president sechzig von hundert stimmen dem Präsidenten zu;

I'll bet you a \hundred to one my team will win ich wette hundert zu eins, dass meine Mannschaft gewinnt;

two/ three/eight \hundred zwei-/drei-/achthundert;

this new car is selling by the \hundreds dieses Auto wird zu Hunderten verkauft;

\hundreds and \hundreds Hunderte und aber Hunderte;

\hundreds of cars/ people/ pounds Hunderte von Autos/Leuten/Pfund

2) <pl -> (miles, kilometres per hour)

to drive a \hundred hundert [o ( fam) mit hundert Sachen] fahren

3) pl -> ( years old)

to be/turn a \hundred hundert Jahre alt sein/werden;

to live to be a \hundred hundert Jahre alt werden

4) ( with centuries)

the eighteen/ fifteen/twelve \hundreds das achtzehnte/fünfzehnte/zwölfte Jahrhundert adj

attr, inv hundert;

we've driven a \hundred miles in the last hour wir sind in der letzten Stunde [ein]hundert Meilen gefahren;

a \hundred and one/ five/ nine [ein]hundert[und]eins/-fünf/-neun;

\hundred and first/ second/ fifth hundert[und]erste(r, s)/-zweite(r, s)/-fünfte(r, s);

to feel a \hundred per cent fit sich akk hundertprozentig fit fühlen;

to work a \hundred per cent hundertprozentig arbeiten;

never in a \hundred years nie im Leben

English-German students dictionary > hundred
3 hundred

hundred ['hʌndrəd]

1 noun

cent m;

∎ one hundred and one cent un;

∎ two hundred deux cents;

∎ two hundred and one deux cent un;

∎ about a hundred, a hundred odd une centaine;

∎ in nineteen hundred en dix-neuf cents;

∎ in nineteen hundred and ten en dix-neuf cent dix;

∎ to be a hundred avoir cent ans;

∎ I'll never forget him (even) if I live to be a hundred même si je deviens centenaire, je ne l'oublierai jamais;

∎ the theatre seats five hundred la salle contient cinq cents places (assises);

∎ Mathematics in the hundred's place dans la colonne des centaines;

∎ give me $500 in hundreds donnez-moi 500 dollars en billets de cent;

∎ the temperature is in the hundreds today il fait plus de 30 aujourd'hui;

∎ in the seventeen hundreds au dix-septième siècle;

∎ hundreds of des centaines de;

∎ I've asked you hundreds of times! je te l'ai demandé cent fois!;

∎ hundreds and thousands of people des milliers de gens;

∎ they were dying in their hundreds or by the hundred ils mouraient par centaines

2 pronoun

cent;

∎ about a hundred une centaine;

∎ I need a hundred (of them) il m'en faut cent, j'en ai besoin de cent;

∎ he has a hundred (of them) il en a cent

3 adjective

cent;

∎ a hundred guests cent invités;

∎ six hundred pages six cents pages;

∎ on page a hundred (à la) page cent;

∎ about a hundred metres une centaine de mètres;

∎ they live at number a hundred ils habitent au numéro cent;

∎ to be a hundred years old avoir cent ans;

∎ one or a hundred percent cent pour cent;

∎ I'm a hundred percent sure j'en suis absolument certain;

∎ to be a hundred percent behind sb soutenir qn à fond;

∎ to give a or one hundred percent se donner à fond;

∎ I'm not feeling a hundred percent je ne me sens pas dans mon assiette;

∎ figurative I've got a hundred and one things to do j'ai mille choses à faire;

∎ if I've told you once, I've told you a hundred times! je te l'ai dit cent fois!

►► History the Hundred Days les Cent Jours mpl;

hundreds and thousands (confectionery) vermicelles mpl en sucre, nonpareilles fpl;

History the Hundred Years' War la guerre de Cent Ans

✾ Book 'One Hundred Years of Solitude' García Márquez 'Cent Ans de solitude'

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > hundred
4 mucho

adj.

a lot of, too much, much, plenty of.

adv.

1 a lot, much, very much, a great deal.

2 very often, too often.

m.

a great deal, quite much, much, a lot.

* * *

mucho

► adjetivo

1 (singular - en afirmativas) a lot of; (- en negativas, interrogativas) a lot of, much

■ hicieron mucho ruido they made a lot of noise

■ no tiene mucho dinero he hasn't got a lot of/much money

■ ¿nos queda mucha gasolina? have we got a lot of/much petrol left?

2 (plural - en afirmativas) a lot of, lots of; (- en negativas, interrogativas) a lot of, many

■ son muchos socios en ese club the club has a lot of members

■ hay mucha gente esperando there are a lot of people waiting

■ tiene muchos discos he's got lots of records

■ no hay muchas copas there aren't a lot of/many glasses

■ ¿tienes muchos libros? have you got a lot of/many books?

■ hace mucho calor/frío it's very hot/cold

■ tengo mucha hambre/sed I'm very hungry/thirsty

3 (demasiado - singular) too much; (- plural) too many

■ es mucho trabajo para una sola persona it's too much work for just one person

■ el proyecto supone demasiados problemas the project involves too many problems

■ ya son muchas preguntas that's far too many questions

► pronombre

1 (singular) a lot, much; (plural) a lot, many

■ no me queda mucho por hacer I haven't got much left to do

■ muchos de ellos acudieron many of them came

■ muchos de mis amigos viven en el extranjero a lot of my friends live abroad

■ muchos dicen que no es apto para el trabajo a lot of people say he's not suitable for the job

► adverbio

1 (de cantidad) a lot, much

■ mucho mejor/peor much better/worse

■ era mucho más peligroso de lo que pensábamos it was much more dangerous than we thought

■ se preocupa mucho por ellos he worries a lot about them

■ me gusta mucho I like it a lot

■ lo siento mucho I'm really sorry

■ me alegro mucho de verte I'm very pleased to see you

■ ¿te ha gustado la película? --sí, mucho did you like the film? --yes, very much

■ ¿estaba buena la comida? --sí, mucho was the food good? --yes, very good

2 (de tiempo)

■ mucho antes/después much earlier/later

■ hace mucho que no nos vemos we haven't seen each other for a long time

3 (de frecuencia) often

■ no vienen mucho por aquí they don't come here often

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

como mucho at the most

■ te pagarán como mucho treinta euros they'll pay you thirty euros at the most

con mucho by far

■ es con mucho el mejor concursante he's the best competitor by far

muy mucho familiar very much so

ni con mucho nowhere near as

■ no es ni con mucho tan inteligente he's nowhere near as clever

ni mucho menos far from

■ no es ni mucho menos tonto he's far from stupid

por mucho que however much

■ por mucho que lo intentes no lo conseguirás you won't get it however much you try

* * *
1. (f. - mucha)
adj.

many, much, a lot of, plenty of
2. adv.
much, a lot

- como mucho
- con mucho
- mucho tiempo 3. (f. - mucha)
pron.

many, much, a lot

* * *

1. ADJ

1) [en singular] [en oraciones afirmativas] a lot of, lots of; [en oraciones interrogativas y negativas] a lot of, much

tengo mucho dinero — I have a lot of o lots of money

había mucha gente — there were a lot of o lots of people there

¿tienes mucho trabajo? — do you have a lot of o much work?

no tengo mucho dinero — I don't have a lot of o much money

hace mucho calor — it's very hot

tengo mucho frío — I'm very cold

tengo mucha hambre — I'm very hungry

tengo mucha sed — I'm very thirsty

tuve mucha suerte — I was very lucky

no hace mucho tiempo — not long ago

llevo aquí mucho tiempo — I've been here a long time

2) [en plural] [en oraciones afirmativas] a lot of, lots of; [en oraciones interrogativas y negativas] a lot of, many

tiene muchas plantas — he has got a lot of o lots of plants

muchas personas creen que no — a lot of o lots of people don't think so

se lo he dicho muchas veces — I've told him many o lots of times

¿había muchos niños en el parque? — were there a lot of o many children in the park?

no había muchos patos en el lago — there weren't a lot of o many ducks on the lake

3) * [con singular colectivo]

había mucho borracho — there were a lot of o lots of drunks there

hay mucho tonto suelto — there are a lot of o lots of idiots around

mucho beso, pero luego me critica por la espalda — she's all kisses, but then she criticizes me behind my back

4) (=demasiado)

es mucho dinero para un niño — it's too much money for a child

es mucha mujer para ti — * that woman is too much for you

esta es mucha casa para nosotros — * this house is too big for us

2. PRON

1) [en singular]

a) [en frases afirmativas] a lot, lots; [en frases interrogativas y negativas] a lot, much

tengo mucho que hacer — I have a lot o lots to do

tiene la culpa de mucho de lo que pasa — he's to blame for a lot of o much of what has happened

el plan tiene mucho de positivo — there's a lot about the plan that is positive

su discurso tiene mucho de fascista — his rhetoric contains a lot of fascist elements

¿has aprendido mucho en este trabajo? — have you learnt a lot o much from this job?

no tengo mucho que hacer — I haven't got a lot o much to do

-¿cuánto vino queda? -mucho — "how much wine is left?" - "a lot" o "lots"

b) [referido a tiempo] long

¿te vas a quedar mucho? — are you staying long?

no tardes mucho — don't be long

¿falta mucho para llegar? — will it be long till we arrive?

-¿cuánto nos queda para acabar? -mucho — "how long till we finish?" - "ages"

hace mucho que no salgo a bailar — it's a long time o ages since I went out dancing

2) [en plural] [en frases afirmativas] a lot, lots; [en frases interrogativas y negativas] a lot, many

somos muchos — there are a lot of o lots of us

son muchos los que no quieren — there are a lot o lots who don't want to

muchos dicen que... — a lot of o lots of o many people say that...

muchos de los ausentes — many of o a lot of those absent

-¿hay manzanas? -sí, pero no muchas — "are there any apples?" - "yes, but not many o not a lot"

¿vinieron muchos? — did many o a lot of people come?

-¿cuántos había? -muchos — "how many were there?" - "a lot" o "lots"

3. ADV

1) (=en gran cantidad) a lot

come mucho — she eats a lot

te quiero mucho — I love you very much o a lot

viene mucho — he comes often o a lot

me gusta mucho el jazz — I really like jazz, I like jazz a lot

sí señor, me gusta y mucho — I do indeed like it and I like it a lot

- son 75 euros -es mucho — "that will be 75 euros" - "that's a lot"

alegrarse mucho — to be very glad

correr mucho — to run fast

lo siento mucho — I'm very o really sorry

¡mucho lo sientes tú! — * a fat lot you care! *

trabajar mucho — to work hard

• mucho antes — long before

• mucho más — much o a lot more

• mucho menos — much o a lot less

• muy mucho, se guardará muy mucho de hacerlo — * he'll jolly well be careful not to do it *

• si no es mucho pedir — if that's not asking too much

eso es mucho pedir — it's a lot to ask

• pensárselo mucho, se lo pensó mucho antes de contestar — he thought long and hard about it before replying

• mucho peor — much o a lot worse

2) [en respuestas]

-¿estás cansado? -¡mucho! — "are you tired?" - "I certainly am!"

-¿te gusta? -no mucho — "do you like it?" - "not really"

3) [otras locuciones]

• como mucho — at (the) most

como mucho leo un libro al mes — at (the) most I read one book a month

• con mucho — by far, far and away

fue, con mucho, el mejor — he was by far the best, he was far and away the best

no se puede comparar, ni con mucho, a ninguna de nuestras ideas — it bears no comparison at all o you can't begin to compare it with any of our ideas

• cuando mucho — frm at (the) most

• tener a algn en mucho — to think highly of sb

• ni mucho menos, Juan no es ni mucho menos el que era — Juan is nothing like the man he was

mi intención no era insultarte, ni mucho menos — I in no way intended to insult you, I didn't intend to insult you, far from it

• por mucho que, por mucho que estudies — however hard you study

por mucho que lo quieras no debes mimarlo — no matter how much you love him, you shouldn't spoil him

* * *
I
adverbio

a) <salir/ayudar> a lot

me gusta muchísimo — I like it/her/him very much o a lot

funciona mucho mejor — it works much o a lot better

trabaja mucho — he works very hard

¿llueve mucho? — is it raining hard?

por mucho que insistas — no matter how much you insist

después de mucho discutir — after long discussions

b) ( en respuestas)

¿estás preocupado? - mucho — are you worried? - (yes, I am,) very

¿te gusta? - sí, mucho — do you like it? - yes, very much; para locs ver mucho III 3)
II
- cha adjetivo

1)

a) (sing) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of

¿tienes mucha hambre? — are you very hungry?

b) (pl) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of

somos muchos — there are a lot of us

¿recibiste muchos regalos? — did you get many o a lot of presents?

2) (sing)

a) (fam) ( con valor plural)

mucho elogio pero no me lo van a publicar — they're full of praise but they're not going to publish it

hay mucho sinvergüenza por ahí — there are a lot of rogues around

b) (fam) ( con valor ponderativo)

era mucho jugador para un equipo así — he was much too good a player for a team like that
III
- cha pronombre

1) (refiriéndose a cantidad, número)

mucho de lo que ha dicho — much o a lot of what he has said

tengo mucho que hacer — I have a lot to do

si no es mucho pedir — if it's not too much to ask

muchos creen que... — many (people) believe that...

2) mucho ( refiriéndose a tiempo) a long time

hace mucho que no lo vemos — we haven't seen him for a long time

¿falta mucho para llegar? — are we nearly there?

¿tuviste que esperar mucho? — did you have to wait long?

3) (en locs)

como mucho — at (the) most

con mucho — by far, easily

ni mucho menos — in no way

no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos — he isn't a good pianist, far from it

* * *

= heavily, much, widely, a great deal, eminent + Nombre, utmost, vitally + Verbo, plenty, to any great degree, severely, lots of, rather a lot, numerable, a whole lot (of), a great deal of, a good deal of, greatly, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], extensively, a barrel/barrow load of monkeys, bags of.

Ex. Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.

Ex. Although the 1949 code was much longer than its predecessor, the 1908 code, it only contained rules pertaining to headings.

Ex. An aggressive approach is made to publicity, with posters and leaflets distributed widely, visits to local shops, post offices, doctors surgeries etc, to drum up business, and the use of volunteers to hand out leaflets at street corners = Se inicia una campaña de publicidad enérgica, distribuyendo de forma general folletos y pósteres, visitando las tiendas, oficinas de correos y consultorías médicas de la localidad, etc., para promocionar el negocio, además de utilizar voluntarios para distribuir prospectos por las esquinas de las calles.

Ex. Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.

Ex. 'I think it makes eminent sense, for the reasons I've outlined,' he said and started toward the door.

Ex. Indeed, he must take the utmost care never to jump to conclusions.

Ex. Though the reference librarian cannot enter the reference process until he receives the question from the enquirer he is vitally concerned about all of its stages.

Ex. One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.

Ex. Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.

Ex. Pressure on space will create the desire on the part of the editor to limit severely the length any paper being published.

Ex. Though reference work is the backbone of their task, they do lots of things that are not reference work.

Ex. Carlyle has been dead nearly a hundred years, but many an academic would like to agree with Carlyle even if, perhaps, universities have changed rather a lot since his day.

Ex. During the past decade both groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential.

Ex. For the libraries in Belgium CD-ROM offers a new range of possibilities and a whole lot of reference works will be searchable and much more used.

Ex. As earlier sections amply demonstrate, there is a great deal of choice with regards to data bases.

Ex. There is a good deal of scope for users and novice cataloguers to find difficulty in identifying the appropriate heading for many of the works which are the responsibility of corporate bodies.

Ex. The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.

Ex. The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for wide modifications.

Ex. In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.

Ex. Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.

Ex. The landlord is as mad as a barrel load of monkeys, but a fine man and ex-soldier.

Ex. His colleagues would say he's as daft as a brush, has bags of energy and enthusiasm but gets the job done.

----

* a costa de mucho = at (a) great expense.

* afectar mucho = hit + hard.

* Algo a lo que hay que dedicar mucho tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].

* Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].

* a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].

* andarse con mucho cuidado = walk on + eggshells, tread + the thin line between... and.

* andarse con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* arriesgar mucho = play (for) + high stakes.

* avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.

* bajar mucho = go + way down.

* beber mucho = drink + heavily.

* bebida alcohólica con muchos grados = hard drink, hard liquor.

* cada vez mucho mayor = fast-increasing, exploding.

* causar muchas víctimas = take + a toll on life.

* como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.

* conceder mucha importancia a = lay + great store on.

* con mucha antelación = far in advance.

* con mucha ceremonia = ceremoniously.

* con mucha diferencia = by far.

* con mucha energía = high energy.

* con mucha frecuencia = very often.

* con mucha información = populated.

* con mucha labia = glibly, smooth-talking.

* con mucha palabrería = glibly.

* con mucha población = heavily populated.

* con mucha pompa = ceremoniously.

* con mucha prisa = without a minute to spare.

* con muchas actividades = event-filled.

* con muchas deudas = heavily indebted.

* con muchas ilustraciones = copiously illustrated.

* con muchas imágenes = image intensive.

* con muchas prestaciones = feature-filled, multifacility.

* con mucha vitalidad = lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.].

* con mucho = very much, far + Verbo, grossly, by far, by a long shot, by a long way, hands down.

* con mucho ánimo = spiritedly.

* con mucho bombo = ceremoniously.

* con mucho contenido = information packed [information-packed].

* con mucho esfuerzo = painfully.

* con mucho éxito = with a wide appeal.

* con mucho protocolo = ceremoniously.

* con mucho público = well attended [well-attended].

* con muchos acontecimientos = event-filled.

* con muchos detalles = elaborately.

* con muchos eventos = event-filled.

* con muchos huesos y poca carne = bony [bonier -comp., boniest -sup.].

* con muchos lectores = with a wide appeal.

* con muchos miramientos = ceremoniously.

* con mucho trabajo = painfully.

* conseguir mucho = do + much.

* contener mucho = be high in.

* costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.

* dar mucha importancia = put + a premium on.

* dar mucho en qué pensar = give + Nombre + much to think about, give + Nombre + a lot to think about.

* dar mucho valor a Algo = value + Nombre + highly.

* darse (muchos) aires = give + Reflexivo + such airs, aggrandise + Reflexivo.

* decir mucho de Algo = speak + volumes.

* de hace muchos años = long-standing.

* de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-term, long-lost.

* dejar mucho que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.

* demandar mucho esfuerzo por parte de Alguien = tax + Posesivo + imagination.

* de muchas formas = in more ways than one.

* de muchas maneras = in every way.

* de mucho arraigo = long-established.

* de mucho beneficio = high-payoff.

* de mucho cuidado = badass.

* de mucho provecho = high-payoff.

* de muchos usos = all-purpose.

* desde hace muchos años = for years.

* desde hace mucho tiempo = for ages, long-time [longtime], far back in time, for a long time, long since, in ages (and ages and ages).

* desear mucha suerte a Alguien = wish + Nombre + the (very) best of luck.

* desempeñando muchas funciones = in many capacities.

* destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).

* día de mucho calor = scorcher.

* donde cabe mucho también cabe poco = what holds a lot will hold a little.

* durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.

* durante muchas horas = for many long hours.

* durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).

* durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).

* durar mucho = last + long.

* durar mucho rato = take + a long time.

* durar mucho tiempo = last + long.

* echar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.

* echar mucho de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* echar mucho en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.

* en muchos aspectos = in most respects.

* en muchos casos = in many instances.

* en muchos grupos = in many quarters.

* en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.

* en muchos sectores = in many quarters.

* en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.

* en muchos sentidos = in many ways, in many respects, in most respects, in more ways than one.

* escribir mucho sobre Algo = a lot + be written about, much + be written about.

* existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.

* existir mucha diferencia entre... y... = be a far cry from... to....

* faltar mucho = be a long way off.

* faltar mucho (para) = there + be + a long way to go (before), have + a long way to go (before).

* fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.

* ganar mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.

* guardar con mucho cariño = treasure.

* guardar muchas esperanzas = get + Posesivo + hopes up.

* gustar mucho = come up + a treat, go down + a treat.

* gustar mucho las mujeres = womanise [womanize, -USA].

* gustar mucho lo dulce = have + a sweet tooth.

* haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.

* haber recorrido mucho mundo = be well-travelled.

* haber viajado mucho = be well-travelled.

* hace muchas lunas = all those many moons ago, many moons ago.

* hace muchos años = many years ago.

* hace mucho tiempo = long since, all those many moons ago, many moons ago.

* hacer mucho = do + much.

* hacer mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.

* hacer mucho por = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.

* hacer muchos aspavientos por Algo = make + a song and dance about.

* hace ya mucho tiempo que = gone are the days of.

* hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.

* ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* la mayoría con mucho = the vast majority of.

* llenar mucho = be filling.

* lo mucho que = how extensively.

* mucha gente + esperar que = be widely expected.

* muchas ganancias = high return.

* Muchas gracias = Thank you very much.

* muchas horas = long hours.

* muchas otras cosas = much else.

* muchas otras cosas más = much else besides.

* mucha suerte = best of luck.

* muchas veces = multiple times.

* mucho + Adjetivo = very much + Adjetivo, significantly + Adjetivo.

* mucho antes = early on.

* mucho antes de = well before.

* mucho + Comparativo = a good deal + Comparativo.

* mucho dinero = big bucks.

* mucho esfuerzo = hard work.

* mucho interés = keen interest.

* mucho más = order of magnitude, much more, much more so, a lot more, lots more.

* mucho más + Adjetivo = all the more + Adjetivo, far + Adjetivo Comparativo.

* mucho más + Adverbio/Adjetivo = far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo, far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo.

* mucho más allá de = far beyond.

* mucho más cerca = far closer.

* mucho más de = well over + Expresión Numérica.

* mucho más rápido = far faster.

* mucho mayor = far greater, far larger, very much greater.

* mucho mejor = far better.

* mucho mejor que = far superior to.

* mucho menos = a great deal less, let alone, far less.

* mucho menos + Adjetivo = far + Adjetivo Comparativo.

* mucho + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre, bleeding + Adjetivo/Nombre.

* mucho peor = far worse.

* mucho que + Infinitivo = a lot + Infinitivo.

* mucho ruido y pocas nueces = much ado about nothing, storm in a teacup, Posesivo + bark is worse than + Posesivo + bite.

* muchos = many, good many, many a(n).

* muchos beneficios = high return.

* muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.

* muchos más = a great many more.

* muchos + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre.

* mucho tiempo = long time, long periods of time, a very long time, long hours, ample time, for a long time.

* mucho tiempo antes de (que) = long before.

* mucho tiempo después = ages and ages hence.

* mucho tiempo después (de que) = long after.

* mucho trabajo = hard graft.

* ni con mucho = not by a long shot.

* ni mucho menos = by any stretch (of the imagination), by any means, not by a long shot.

* no estar finalizado (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + completeness.

* no existir muchos indicios de que = there + be + little sign of.

* no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.

* no hace mucho = in the recent past.

* no hace mucho tiempo = not so long ago.

* Nombre + no tardará mucho en = it won't be long before + Nombre.

* Nombre + no tardó mucho en = it wasn't long before + Nombre.

* no mucho después = not long after.

* no parar mucho en un sitio = live out of + a suitcase.

* no pasar mucho tiempo antes de que + Subjuntivo = be not long before + Indicativo.

* no perderse mucho = be no great loss.

* pasar mucho tiempo antes de que = be a long time before.

* pasar por muchas dificultades = be to hell and back.

* persona con mucha ambición = social climber.

* persona que ha viajado mucho = seasoned traveller.

* poner mucho ahínco = try + Posesivo + heart out.

* poner mucho ahínco en = put + Posesivo + heart into.

* poner mucho empe = put + Posesivo + heart into.

* poner mucho empeño = try + Posesivo + heart out.

* poner mucho empeño en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* poner mucho empeño por = take + (great) pains to.

* poner mucho esmero por = take + (great) pains to.

* por muchas razones = in many ways.

* por mucho que lo + intentar = try as + Pronombre + might.

* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.

* prometer mucho = promise + great possibilities, bode + well.

* que consume mucha CPU = CPU intensive.

* que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive.

* que contiene muchas imágenes = image intensive.

* quedar mucho más por hacer = much more needs to be done.

* quedar mucho (para) = have + a long way to go (before), there + be + a long way to go (before).

* quedar mucho por conocer = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.

* quedar mucho por hacer = more needs to be done, have + a long way to go.

* quedar mucho por saber = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.

* que deja mucho al azar = hit-or-miss.

* que hay que dar muchas vueltas = circuitous.

* que hay que dedicarle mucho tiempo = time-intensive.

* que ocupa mucho espacio = space-consuming.

* que se percibe desde hace mucho tiempo = long-felt.

* que utiliza muchos recursos = resource-intensive.

* quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.

* resaltar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).

* saber un poco de todo y mucho de nada = jack of all trades, master of none.

* ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.

* ser mucho = be a mouthful.

* ser mucho más = be all the more.

* ser mucho más que = be far more than.

* sin mucha antelación = at short notice.

* sin mucha anticipación = at short notice.

* sin mucha dificultad = painlessly.

* sin muchas contemplaciones = unceremoniously.

* sin muchos inconvenientes = without much grudging.

* sin pensarlo mucho = off the top of + Posesivo + head.

* sorprenderse mucho = eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.

* tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.

* tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.

* tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.

* tener mucho carácter = be full of character.

* tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.

* tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.

* tener mucho interés por = be keen to.

* tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.

* tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.

* trabajando mucho = hard at work.

* trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.

* trabajar mucho = work + hard.

* usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.

* venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.

* Verbo + mucho = Verbo + hard.

* y cuanto mucho menos = much less.

* y mucho más = and much more.

* y mucho menos = much less, least of all.

* y mucho(s) más = and more.

* * *
I
adverbio

a) <salir/ayudar> a lot

me gusta muchísimo — I like it/her/him very much o a lot

funciona mucho mejor — it works much o a lot better

trabaja mucho — he works very hard

¿llueve mucho? — is it raining hard?

por mucho que insistas — no matter how much you insist

después de mucho discutir — after long discussions

b) ( en respuestas)

¿estás preocupado? - mucho — are you worried? - (yes, I am,) very

¿te gusta? - sí, mucho — do you like it? - yes, very much; para locs ver mucho III 3)
II
- cha adjetivo

1)

a) (sing) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of

¿tienes mucha hambre? — are you very hungry?

b) (pl) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of

somos muchos — there are a lot of us

¿recibiste muchos regalos? — did you get many o a lot of presents?

2) (sing)

a) (fam) ( con valor plural)

mucho elogio pero no me lo van a publicar — they're full of praise but they're not going to publish it

hay mucho sinvergüenza por ahí — there are a lot of rogues around

b) (fam) ( con valor ponderativo)

era mucho jugador para un equipo así — he was much too good a player for a team like that
III
- cha pronombre

1) (refiriéndose a cantidad, número)

mucho de lo que ha dicho — much o a lot of what he has said

tengo mucho que hacer — I have a lot to do

si no es mucho pedir — if it's not too much to ask

muchos creen que... — many (people) believe that...

2) mucho ( refiriéndose a tiempo) a long time

hace mucho que no lo vemos — we haven't seen him for a long time

¿falta mucho para llegar? — are we nearly there?

¿tuviste que esperar mucho? — did you have to wait long?

3) (en locs)

como mucho — at (the) most

con mucho — by far, easily

ni mucho menos — in no way

no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos — he isn't a good pianist, far from it

* * *

= heavily, much, widely, a great deal, eminent + Nombre, utmost, vitally + Verbo, plenty, to any great degree, severely, lots of, rather a lot, numerable, a whole lot (of), a great deal of, a good deal of, greatly, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], extensively, a barrel/barrow load of monkeys, bags of.

Ex: Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.

Ex: Although the 1949 code was much longer than its predecessor, the 1908 code, it only contained rules pertaining to headings.

Ex: An aggressive approach is made to publicity, with posters and leaflets distributed widely, visits to local shops, post offices, doctors surgeries etc, to drum up business, and the use of volunteers to hand out leaflets at street corners = Se inicia una campaña de publicidad enérgica, distribuyendo de forma general folletos y pósteres, visitando las tiendas, oficinas de correos y consultorías médicas de la localidad, etc., para promocionar el negocio, además de utilizar voluntarios para distribuir prospectos por las esquinas de las calles.

Ex: Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.

Ex: 'I think it makes eminent sense, for the reasons I've outlined,' he said and started toward the door.

Ex: Indeed, he must take the utmost care never to jump to conclusions.

Ex: Though the reference librarian cannot enter the reference process until he receives the question from the enquirer he is vitally concerned about all of its stages.

Ex: One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.

Ex: Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.

Ex: Pressure on space will create the desire on the part of the editor to limit severely the length any paper being published.

Ex: Though reference work is the backbone of their task, they do lots of things that are not reference work.

Ex: Carlyle has been dead nearly a hundred years, but many an academic would like to agree with Carlyle even if, perhaps, universities have changed rather a lot since his day.

Ex: During the past decade both groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential.

Ex: For the libraries in Belgium CD-ROM offers a new range of possibilities and a whole lot of reference works will be searchable and much more used.

Ex: As earlier sections amply demonstrate, there is a great deal of choice with regards to data bases.

Ex: There is a good deal of scope for users and novice cataloguers to find difficulty in identifying the appropriate heading for many of the works which are the responsibility of corporate bodies.

Ex: The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.

Ex: The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for wide modifications.

Ex: In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.

Ex: Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.

Ex: The landlord is as mad as a barrel load of monkeys, but a fine man and ex-soldier.

Ex: His colleagues would say he's as daft as a brush, has bags of energy and enthusiasm but gets the job done.

* a costa de mucho = at (a) great expense.

* afectar mucho = hit + hard.

* Algo a lo que hay que dedicar mucho tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].

* Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].

* a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].

* andarse con mucho cuidado = walk on + eggshells, tread + the thin line between... and.

* andarse con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* arriesgar mucho = play (for) + high stakes.

* avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.

* bajar mucho = go + way down.

* beber mucho = drink + heavily.

* bebida alcohólica con muchos grados = hard drink, hard liquor.

* cada vez mucho mayor = fast-increasing, exploding.

* causar muchas víctimas = take + a toll on life.

* como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.

* conceder mucha importancia a = lay + great store on.

* con mucha antelación = far in advance.

* con mucha ceremonia = ceremoniously.

* con mucha diferencia = by far.

* con mucha energía = high energy.

* con mucha frecuencia = very often.

* con mucha información = populated.

* con mucha labia = glibly, smooth-talking.

* con mucha palabrería = glibly.

* con mucha población = heavily populated.

* con mucha pompa = ceremoniously.

* con mucha prisa = without a minute to spare.

* con muchas actividades = event-filled.

* con muchas deudas = heavily indebted.

* con muchas ilustraciones = copiously illustrated.

* con muchas imágenes = image intensive.

* con muchas prestaciones = feature-filled, multifacility.

* con mucha vitalidad = lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.].

* con mucho = very much, far + Verbo, grossly, by far, by a long shot, by a long way, hands down.

* con mucho ánimo = spiritedly.

* con mucho bombo = ceremoniously.

* con mucho contenido = information packed [information-packed].

* con mucho esfuerzo = painfully.

* con mucho éxito = with a wide appeal.

* con mucho protocolo = ceremoniously.

* con mucho público = well attended [well-attended].

* con muchos acontecimientos = event-filled.

* con muchos detalles = elaborately.

* con muchos eventos = event-filled.

* con muchos huesos y poca carne = bony [bonier -comp., boniest -sup.].

* con muchos lectores = with a wide appeal.

* con muchos miramientos = ceremoniously.

* con mucho trabajo = painfully.

* conseguir mucho = do + much.

* contener mucho = be high in.

* costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.

* dar mucha importancia = put + a premium on.

* dar mucho en qué pensar = give + Nombre + much to think about, give + Nombre + a lot to think about.

* dar mucho valor a Algo = value + Nombre + highly.

* darse (muchos) aires = give + Reflexivo + such airs, aggrandise + Reflexivo.

* decir mucho de Algo = speak + volumes.

* de hace muchos años = long-standing.

* de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-term, long-lost.

* dejar mucho que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.

* demandar mucho esfuerzo por parte de Alguien = tax + Posesivo + imagination.

* de muchas formas = in more ways than one.

* de muchas maneras = in every way.

* de mucho arraigo = long-established.

* de mucho beneficio = high-payoff.

* de mucho cuidado = badass.

* de mucho provecho = high-payoff.

* de muchos usos = all-purpose.

* desde hace muchos años = for years.

* desde hace mucho tiempo = for ages, long-time [longtime], far back in time, for a long time, long since, in ages (and ages and ages).

* desear mucha suerte a Alguien = wish + Nombre + the (very) best of luck.

* desempeñando muchas funciones = in many capacities.

* destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).

* día de mucho calor = scorcher.

* donde cabe mucho también cabe poco = what holds a lot will hold a little.

* durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.

* durante muchas horas = for many long hours.

* durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).

* durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).

* durar mucho = last + long.

* durar mucho rato = take + a long time.

* durar mucho tiempo = last + long.

* echar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.

* echar mucho de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* echar mucho en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.

* en muchos aspectos = in most respects.

* en muchos casos = in many instances.

* en muchos grupos = in many quarters.

* en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.

* en muchos sectores = in many quarters.

* en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.

* en muchos sentidos = in many ways, in many respects, in most respects, in more ways than one.

* escribir mucho sobre Algo = a lot + be written about, much + be written about.

* existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.

* existir mucha diferencia entre... y... = be a far cry from... to....

* faltar mucho = be a long way off.

* faltar mucho (para) = there + be + a long way to go (before), have + a long way to go (before).

* fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.

* ganar mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.

* guardar con mucho cariño = treasure.

* guardar muchas esperanzas = get + Posesivo + hopes up.

* gustar mucho = come up + a treat, go down + a treat.

* gustar mucho las mujeres = womanise [womanize, -USA].

* gustar mucho lo dulce = have + a sweet tooth.

* haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.

* haber recorrido mucho mundo = be well-travelled.

* haber viajado mucho = be well-travelled.

* hace muchas lunas = all those many moons ago, many moons ago.

* hace muchos años = many years ago.

* hace mucho tiempo = long since, all those many moons ago, many moons ago.

* hacer mucho = do + much.

* hacer mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.

* hacer mucho por = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.

* hacer muchos aspavientos por Algo = make + a song and dance about.

* hace ya mucho tiempo que = gone are the days of.

* hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.

* ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* la mayoría con mucho = the vast majority of.

* llenar mucho = be filling.

* lo mucho que = how extensively.

* mucha gente + esperar que = be widely expected.

* muchas ganancias = high return.

* Muchas gracias = Thank you very much.

* muchas horas = long hours.

* muchas otras cosas = much else.

* muchas otras cosas más = much else besides.

* mucha suerte = best of luck.

* muchas veces = multiple times.

* mucho + Adjetivo = very much + Adjetivo, significantly + Adjetivo.

* mucho antes = early on.

* mucho antes de = well before.

* mucho + Comparativo = a good deal + Comparativo.

* mucho dinero = big bucks.

* mucho esfuerzo = hard work.

* mucho interés = keen interest.

* mucho más = order of magnitude, much more, much more so, a lot more, lots more.

* mucho más + Adjetivo = all the more + Adjetivo, far + Adjetivo Comparativo.

* mucho más + Adverbio/Adjetivo = far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo, far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo.

* mucho más allá de = far beyond.

* mucho más cerca = far closer.

* mucho más de = well over + Expresión Numérica.

* mucho más rápido = far faster.

* mucho mayor = far greater, far larger, very much greater.

* mucho mejor = far better.

* mucho mejor que = far superior to.

* mucho menos = a great deal less, let alone, far less.

* mucho menos + Adjetivo = far + Adjetivo Comparativo.

* mucho + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre, bleeding + Adjetivo/Nombre.

* mucho peor = far worse.

* mucho que + Infinitivo = a lot + Infinitivo.

* mucho ruido y pocas nueces = much ado about nothing, storm in a teacup, Posesivo + bark is worse than + Posesivo + bite.

* muchos = many, good many, many a(n).

* muchos beneficios = high return.

* muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.

* muchos más = a great many more.

* muchos + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre.

* mucho tiempo = long time, long periods of time, a very long time, long hours, ample time, for a long time.

* mucho tiempo antes de (que) = long before.

* mucho tiempo después = ages and ages hence.

* mucho tiempo después (de que) = long after.

* mucho trabajo = hard graft.

* ni con mucho = not by a long shot.

* ni mucho menos = by any stretch (of the imagination), by any means, not by a long shot.

* no estar finalizado (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + completeness.

* no existir muchos indicios de que = there + be + little sign of.

* no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.

* no hace mucho = in the recent past.

* no hace mucho tiempo = not so long ago.

* Nombre + no tardará mucho en = it won't be long before + Nombre.

* Nombre + no tardó mucho en = it wasn't long before + Nombre.

* no mucho después = not long after.

* no parar mucho en un sitio = live out of + a suitcase.

* no pasar mucho tiempo antes de que + Subjuntivo = be not long before + Indicativo.

* no perderse mucho = be no great loss.

* pasar mucho tiempo antes de que = be a long time before.

* pasar por muchas dificultades = be to hell and back.

* persona con mucha ambición = social climber.

* persona que ha viajado mucho = seasoned traveller.

* poner mucho ahínco = try + Posesivo + heart out.

* poner mucho ahínco en = put + Posesivo + heart into.

* poner mucho empe = put + Posesivo + heart into.

* poner mucho empeño = try + Posesivo + heart out.

* poner mucho empeño en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* poner mucho empeño por = take + (great) pains to.

* poner mucho esmero por = take + (great) pains to.

* por muchas razones = in many ways.

* por mucho que lo + intentar = try as + Pronombre + might.

* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.

* prometer mucho = promise + great possibilities, bode + well.

* que consume mucha CPU = CPU intensive.

* que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive.

* que contiene muchas imágenes = image intensive.

* quedar mucho más por hacer = much more needs to be done.

* quedar mucho (para) = have + a long way to go (before), there + be + a long way to go (before).

* quedar mucho por conocer = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.

* quedar mucho por hacer = more needs to be done, have + a long way to go.

* quedar mucho por saber = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.

* que deja mucho al azar = hit-or-miss.

* que hay que dar muchas vueltas = circuitous.

* que hay que dedicarle mucho tiempo = time-intensive.

* que ocupa mucho espacio = space-consuming.

* que se percibe desde hace mucho tiempo = long-felt.

* que utiliza muchos recursos = resource-intensive.

* quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.

* resaltar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).

* saber un poco de todo y mucho de nada = jack of all trades, master of none.

* ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.

* ser mucho = be a mouthful.

* ser mucho más = be all the more.

* ser mucho más que = be far more than.

* sin mucha antelación = at short notice.

* sin mucha anticipación = at short notice.

* sin mucha dificultad = painlessly.

* sin muchas contemplaciones = unceremoniously.

* sin muchos inconvenientes = without much grudging.

* sin pensarlo mucho = off the top of + Posesivo + head.

* sorprenderse mucho = eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.

* tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.

* tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.

* tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.

* tener mucho carácter = be full of character.

* tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.

* tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.

* tener mucho interés por = be keen to.

* tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.

* tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.

* trabajando mucho = hard at work.

* trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.

* trabajar mucho = work + hard.

* usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.

* venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.

* Verbo + mucho = Verbo + hard.

* y cuanto mucho menos = much less.

* y mucho más = and much more.

* y mucho menos = much less, least of all.

* y mucho(s) más = and more.

* * *

mucho¹

adverb

1

salen mucho they go out a lot

no salen mucho they don't go out much o a lot

¿salen mucho? do they go out much o a lot?

me ayudaron muchísimo they really helped me a lot

ahora funciona mucho mejor it works much o a lot better now

esto preocupa, y mucho, a los ecologistas this is a matter of great concern to ecologists

trabaja mucho he works very hard

¿llueve mucho? is it raining hard?

me gusta muchísimo I like it a lot o very much

por mucho que insistas, no te va a hacer caso no matter how much you insist o however much you insist he won't listen to you

por mucho que le grites no te oye you can shout as much as you like but he won't hear you

después de mucho discutir llegaron a un acuerdo after long discussions, they reached an agreement

mucho criticar a los demás pero ella tampoco hace nada por ayudar she's forever o always criticizing others but she doesn't do anything to help either

2

(en respuestas): ¿estás preocupado? — mucho are you worried? — (yes, I am,) very

¿te gusta? — sí, mucho do you like it? — yes, very much

para locs ver mucho³ pron C. (↑ mucho (3))

mucho² - cha

adjective

A

1 ( sing) a lot of; (en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of

tiene mucha vitamina C it contains a lot of vitamin C

no le tienen mucho respeto they don't have much o a lot of respect for him

había mucha gente there were lots of o a lot of people there

sucedió hace mucho tiempo it happened a long time ago

¿tienes mucha hambre? are you very hungry?

una ciudad con mucha vida nocturna a city with plenty of night life

2 (pl) a lot of; (en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of

¿recibiste muchos regalos? did you get many o a lot of presents?

sus muchas obligaciones le impidieron asistir his many commitments prevented him from attending

muchos niños pasan hambre many children go hungry

seis hijos son muchos six children's a lot

somos muchos there are a lot of us

B ( sing)

1 ( fam)

(con valor plural): mucho elogio, mucho cumplido pero no me lo van a publicar they're full of praise and compliments but they're not going to publish it

hoy día hay mucho sinvergüenza por ahí these days there are a lot of rogues around

2 ( fam)

(con valor ponderativo): era mucho jugador para un equipo tan mediocre he was much too good a player for a mediocre team like that

mucho³ - cha

pronoun

A

(refiriéndose a cantidad, número): mucho de lo que ha dicho es falso much o a lot of what he has said is untrue

tengo mucho que hacer I have a lot to do

si no es mucho pedir if it's not too much to ask

muchos creen que … many (people) believe that …

muchos son los llamados pero pocos los elegidos ( Bib) many are called but few are chosen

B

mucho (refiriéndose a tiempo) a long time

hace mucho que no vamos al teatro we haven't been to the theater for a long time o for ages

¿falta mucho para llegar? are we nearly there?, is it much further?

¿tuviste que esperar mucho? did you have to wait long?

mucho antes de conocerte long o a long time before I met you

C ( en locs):

como mucho at (the) most

costará unos 30 dólares como mucho it probably costs about 30 dollars at (the) most

con mucho by far, easily

fue, con mucho, la mejor de la clase she was by far o easily the best in the class, she was the best in the class, by far

cuando mucho at (the) most

ni mucho menos: no pretendo aconsejarte ni mucho menos I'm in no way trying to give you advice

no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos he isn't a good pianist, far from it

* * *

mucho 1 adverbio
a) ‹salir/ayudar› a lot;

‹ trabajar› hard;
◊ no salen mucho they don't go out much o a lot;

me gusta muchísimo I like it very much o a lot;
mucho mejor a lot better;
por mucho que insistas no matter how much you insist;
después de mucho discutir after much discussion
b) ( en respuestas):

◊ ¿estás preocupado? — mucho are you worried? — (yes, I am,) very;

¿te gusta? — sí, mucho do you like it? — yes, very much
mucho 2
◊ - cha adjetivo

a) ( sing) a lot of;

(en oraciones negativas, interrogativas) much, a lot of;
◊ mucho vino a lot of wine;

no gano mucho dinero I don't earn much o a lot of money;
¿ves mucha televisión? do you watch much o a lot of television;
tiene mucha hambre he's very hungry
b) (pl) many, a lot of;

◊ había muchos extranjeros/muchas personas allí there were many o a lot of foreigners/people there;

hace muchos años many years ago
■ pronombre
1 ( referido a cantidad)
a) ( sing) a lot;

( en oraciones negativas) much;
◊ mucho de lo dicho a lot of what was said;

tengo mucho que hacer I have a lot to do;
eso no es mucho that's not much;
no queda mucha there isn't much left
b) (pl) many;

◊ muchos creen que … many (people) believe that …;

muchos de nosotros many of us
2
◊ mucho

a) ( referido a tiempo):

◊ hace mucho que no la veo I haven't seen her for a long time;

¿te falta mucho para terminar? will it take you long to finish?;
mucho antes long before;
¿tuviste que esperar mucho? did you have to wait long?
b) ( en locs)

◊ como mucho at (the) most;

con mucho by far, easily;
ni mucho menos far from it;
por mucho que … however much …
mucho,-a
I adj indef
1 (abundante, numeroso) (en frases afirmativas) a lot of, lots of
mucha comida, a lot of food
muchos animales, lots of animals
(en frases negativas) much, many pl: no queda mucho azúcar, there isn't much sugar left
no conozco muchos sitios, I don't know many places
2 (intenso) very: tengo mucho calor/miedo, I'm very hot/scared
hizo mucho esfuerzo, he made a great effort
3 (demasiado) es mucha responsabilidad, it's too much responsibility
II pron
1 a lot, a great deal, many: muchos fuimos al baile, many/lots of us went to the dance
muchos de nosotros/vosotros, many of us/you
de ésos tengo muchos, I've got lots of those
III adverbio
1 (cantidad) a lot, very much: me arrepentí mucho, I was very sorry
2 (tiempo) hace mucho que desapareció, he went missing a long time ago
hace mucho que estamos aquí, we have been here for a long time
(a menudo) often: vamos mucho al cine, we go to the cinema quite often
♦ Locuciones: como mucho, at the most
con mucho, by far
¡ni mucho menos!, no way!
por mucho (que), however much
Recuerda que el singular es much, el plural es many, y que estas dos palabras se suelen usar en frases negativas (no tengo demasiado tiempo, I haven't got much time), mientras que a lot (of) y lots (of) se encuentran en frases afirmativas: Tengo mucho dinero. I've got a lot of/lots of money. En frases interrogativas se usa tanto much y many como a lot o lots of: ¿Tienes mucho dinero?, Have you got much/ a lot of/lots of money? Sin embargo, en preguntas que empiezan por how sólo puedes emplear much o many: ¿Cuánto dinero tienes?, How much money have you got?
' mucho' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abandonarse
- abrigar
- abultar
- achicharrar
- achicharrarse
- acoger
- adelantar
- adentro
- adorar
- afear
- afecta
- afectar
- afecto
- agradecer
- alejarse
- antes
- aparato
- aprecio
- aprovechar
- ascendiente
- avejentarse
- avenida
- avenido
- bailar
- bastante
- boato
- bombo
- brío
- cacarear
- caché
- cachet
- calor
- carácter
- cariño
- carrete
- cascar
- cervical
- chapar
- chiflar
- cocerse
- coco
- comer
- contraponer
- costar
- cuando
- de
- deber
- decaer
- decir
- defraudar
English:
ability
- ado
- afraid
- age
- ago
- agony
- all-out
- alone
- anywhere
- around
- as
- attract
- attuned to
- backlog
- badly
- bake
- balance
- be
- best
- booze
- bulky
- busywork
- capital
- cautious
- chalk
- challenging
- charisma
- come along
- come into
- commotion
- concern
- deal
- dear
- demand
- devoted
- difficult
- do
- dog days
- doing
- easily
- emotional
- enthusiastic
- esteem
- exhilarate
- experience
- extravagant
- fancy
- far
- fat
- few

* * *

mucho, -a

♦ adj

1. [gran cantidad de] a lot of;

comemos mucho pescado/mucha verdura we eat a lot of fish/vegetables;

había mucha gente there were a lot of people there;

producen muchos residuos they produce a lot of waste;

tengo muchos más/menos amigos que tú I've got a lot more/fewer friends than you;

no tengo mucho tiempo I haven't got much o a lot of time;

no nos quedan muchas entradas we haven't got many o a lot of tickets left;

¿hay muchas cosas que hacer? are there a lot of things to do?, is there much to do?;

no tengo muchas ganas de ir I don't really o much feel like going;

tengo mucho sueño I'm very sleepy;

hoy hace mucho calor it's very hot today;

hace mucho tiempo a long time ago;

¡mucha suerte! the best of luck!;

¡muchas gracias! thank you very much!

2. (singular) [demasiado]
hay mucho niño aquí there are rather a lot of kids here;

mucha sal me parece que le estás echando I think you're overdoing the salt a bit, I think you're adding a bit too much salt;

ésta es mucha casa para mí this house is much too big for me;
Fam
es mucho hombre he's a real man;

es mucho coche para un conductor novato it's far too powerful a car for an inexperienced driver;

es mucha mujer para ti she's out of your league!;
Fam
mucho lujo y mucho camarero trajeado pero la comida es horrible it's all very luxurious and full of smartly dressed waiters, but the food's terrible

♦ pron
(singular) a lot;
* * *

mucho

I adj

1 singular a lot of, lots of; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb

much;

mucho tiempo a lot of time;

no tengo mucho tiempo I don’t have a lot of time o much time;

tengo mucho frío I am very cold;

es mucho coche para mí this car’s too much for me

2 plural a lot of, lots of; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb

many;

muchos amigos a lot of friends;

no tengo muchos amigos I don’t have a lot of friends o many friends

II pron

1 singular a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb

much;

no tengo mucho I don’t have much o a lot

2 plural a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb

many;

no tengo muchos I don’t have many o a lot;

muchos creen que … a lot of people o many people think that …

III adv

1 a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb

much;

¿cuesta mucho? does it cost a lot o much?;

nos vemos mucho we see each other often o a lot;

hace mucho que no te veo I haven’t seen you for a long time;

¿dura/tarda mucho? does it last/take long?

2

:

como mucho at the most;

10 meses dan para mucho o

dan mucho de sí you can do a lot in 10 months;

no es ni con mucho he is far from being …;

ni mucho menos far from it;

por mucho que however much

* * *

mucho adv

1) : much, a lot

mucho más: much more

le gusta mucho: he likes it a lot

2) : long, a long time

tardó mucho en venir: he was a long time getting here

3)

por mucho que : no matter how much

mucho, - cha adj

1) : a lot of, many, much

mucha gente: a lot of people

hace mucho tiempo que no lo veo: I haven't seen him in ages

2)

muchas veces : often

mucho, - cha pron

1) : a lot, many, much

hay mucho que hacer: there is a lot to do

muchas no vinieron: many didn't come

2)

cuando mucho or

como mucho : at most

3)

con mucho : by far

4)

ni mucho menos : not at all, far from it

* * *

mucho¹ adj

1. (en general) a lot of / lots of

como mucho queso I eat a lot of cheese

lee muchos libros he reads a lot of books lots of es lo mismo que a lot of, pero un poco más familiar

como mucho queso I eat lots of cheese Much es singular y suele sustituir a lot of en frases negativas e interrogativas

no tenemos mucho tiempo we haven't got much time

¿ganas mucho dinero? do you earn much money? many es plural y suele sustituir a lot of en frases negativas e interrogativas

no tiene muchos amigos he hasn't got many friends

¿marcaste muchos goles? did you score many goals?

2. (otras expresiones) very

hace mucho calor it's very hot

tengo muchas ganas de verte I'm really looking forward to seeing you

mucho² adv

1. (en general) a lot

esta planta ha crecido mucho this plant has grown a lot

los atletas se entrenan mucho athletes train a lot

me gusta mucho I like it a lot

trabajamos mucho we work hard

lo siento mucho I'm very sorry / I'm really sorry

2. (comparaciones) much

era mucho más fácil de lo que pensaba it was much easier than I thought

comes mucho más que yo you eat much more than me

3. (mucho tiempo) a long time

hace mucho que no te veo I haven't see you for a long time

como mucho at the most

ni con mucho nowhere near as

ni mucho menos far from

no está acabado, ni mucho menos it is far from finished

por mucho que however much

mucho³ pron

1. (en singular frases afirmativas) a lot

aún me queda mucho por hacer I've still got a lot left to do

2. (en singular frases negativas e interrogativas) much / a lot

no es mucho lo que pides you're not asking for much

3. (con plurales) many / a lot

muchos de sus amigos acudieron many of his friends came

Spanish-English dictionary > mucho
5 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE

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   ■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

   ■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.

   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

   ■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.

   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

   ■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.

   ■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.

   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

   ■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.

   ■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

   ■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.

   ■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.

   ■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.

   ■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).

   ■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).

   ■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.

   ■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.

   ■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.

   ■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.

   ■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.

   ■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.

   ■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.

   ■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.

   ■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.

   ■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.

   ■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

   ■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).

   ■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.

   ■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.

   ■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.

   ■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].

   ■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.

   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

   ■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.

   ■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.

   ■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.

   ■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.

   ■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.

   ■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.

   ■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.

   ■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.

   ■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.

   ■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

   ■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.

   ■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.

   ■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.

   ■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.

   ■. Navegadores, viajantes e adventureiros portugueses: Séculos XV e XVI. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

   ■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.

   ■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.

   ■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.

   ■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.

   ■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.

   ■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.

   ■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.

   ■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.

   ■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]

   ■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

   ■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.

   ■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.

   ■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.

   ■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

   ■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

   ■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.

   ■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.

   ■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.

   ■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

   ■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.

   ■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)

   ■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.

   ■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.

   ■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.

   ■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.

   ■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.

   ■. Velho Brasil, Novas Africas: Portugal e o Império ( 1808-1975). Oporto: Afrontamento, 2000.

   ■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.

   ■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.

   ■ Ames, Glen J. "The Carreira da India, 1668-1682: Maritime Enterprise and the Quest for Stability in Portugal's Asian Empire." Journal of European Economic History 20, 1 (1991): 7-28.

   ■. Renascent Empire? The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ.Press, 2000.

   ■. Vasco da Gama. Renaissance Crusader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. O Império com Pés de Barro: Colonizaçao e Descolonização: As Ideologias em Portugal. Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1980.

   ■. O Factor Africano 1890-1990. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1990.

   ■. A Guerra De Africa 1961-1974, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995-96.

   ■. Jorge Jardim: Agente Secreto 1919-1982. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1996.

   ■ Axelson, Eric A. South-East Africa, 1488-1530. London: Longmans, 1940.

   ■. "Prince Henry and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India." Geographical Journal (U.K.) 127, 2 (June 1961): 145-58.

   ■. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875-1891. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1967.

   ■. Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1699. Cape Town: Struik, 1973.

   ■. Congo to Cape: Early Portuguese Explorers. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.

   ■ Azevedo, Mário. Historical Dictionary of Mozambique, 2nd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2003.

   ■ Baião, António, Hernãni Cidade, and Manuel Murias, eds. História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 4 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40.

   ■ Bender, Gerald J. "The Limits of Counterinsurgency [in the Angolan War, 1961-72]." Comparative Politics (1972): 331-60.

   ■. Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth Versus Reality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

   ■ Bhíla, H. H. K. Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and Their Portuguese and African Neighbours, 1875-1902. Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1990.

   ■ Birmingham, David. The Portuguese Conquest of Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.

   ■. Trade and Conflict in Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.

   ■. Frontline Nationalism in Angola & Mozambique. London: James Currey, 1992.

   ■. Portugal and Africa. New York: St. Martins, 1999.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Le Portugal Et Sa Vocation Maritime. Paris: Boccard, 1977. Boxer, C. R. Fidalgos in the Far East— Fact and Fancy in the History of Macau. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948. ———. The Christian Century in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.

   ■ ———. Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1688. London, 1952.

   ■ ———. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.

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   ■ Duncan, T. Bentley. Atlantic Islands in the Seventeenth Century: Madeira, the Azores and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce andNavigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

   ■ Guill, James H. A History of the Azores Islands. Menlo Park, Calif.: Author's Edition, 1972.

   ■ Instituto Histórico Da Ilha Terceira [Azores]. Os Açores E O Atlântico ( Séculos XIV-XVII) [Proceedings of International Colloquium, August 1983]. Angra do Heroismo, Terceira Island, Azores, 1984.

   ■ Koebel, William Henry. Madeira Old and New. London: Griffiths, 1909.

   ■ Mee, Jules. Histoire de la découverte des Iles Açores. Ghent, 1901.

   ■ Peres, Damião. A Madeira sob os donatórios-Séculos XV e XVI. Funchal, 1914.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Atlantic Islanders of the Azores and Madeiras. North Quincy, Mass.: Christopher House, 1979.

   ■ Serpa, Caetano Valadão. A Gente Dos Açores. Identificaçao-Emigraçio E Religiosidade: Séculos XVI-XX. Lisbon: 1978.

   ■ Silva, J. Donald. "With Columbus in Madeira." Portuguese Studies Review (Durham, NH) I, 1 (Spring-Summer 1991).

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Azores and the United States (1787-1987): Two Hundred Years of Shared History." Boletim do Instituto Histórico da Ilha Terceira XLV (1988): 55-71.

   ■ Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (1373-Present)

   ■ Almada, José de. A Aliança Inglesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1947.

   ■. Para a história da aliança luso-britânica. Lisbon, 1955.

   ■ Atkinson, William C. British Contributions to Portuguese and Brazilian Studies. London: British Council, 1974.

   ■ Bourne, Kenneth. The Foreign Policy of Victorian England 1830-1902. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970.

   ■ British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. London: BBC, 1973.

   ■ British Community Council of London. Souvenir Brochure Commemorating the 600th Anniversary of the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Alliance and Friendship, 1373-1973. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. Portugal na Alvorada do Século XX. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Caetano, Marcello "Aliança Inglesa." Enciclopédia Luso-Brasileira da Cultura. Vol. 1 (1963): 1270-1271.

   ■. "L'alliance Anglo-Portuguese: Histoire et situation actuelle." Chronique de politique etrangére (Paris) XX, 6 (1967): 695-708.

   ■. Portugal e a Internacionalização dos Problemas Africanos. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Castro, Armando. A dominação inglesa em Portugal. Estudo seguido de Antologia Textos dos Sécs. XVIII e XIX. Oporto: Afrontamento, 1972.

   ■ Crollen, Luc. Portugal, the U.S. and NATO. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 1973.

   ■. "Portugal." In O. De Raeymaeker et al. Small Powers in Alignment, 27-96. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 1974.

   ■ Cunha Leal, Francisco. Portugal e Inglaterra. Corunna, 1932.

   ■ Davidson, Basil. "The Oldest Alliance Faces a Crisis." In Philip Masonm, ed., Angola: A Symposium. Views of a Revolt, 138-60. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.

   ■ Duff, Katherine. "The War and the Neutrals." In Arnold and Veronica Toyn-bee, eds., Survey of International Affairs. London: Chatham House, 1956.

   ■ Duffy, James. A Question of Slavery. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.

   ■ Epstein, John. "The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 1373-1973." World Survey (London) 54 (June 1973): p. 18.

   ■ Ferreira, José Medeiros. Estudos de Estratégia e Relações Internacionais. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Ferreira Martins, General L. O Poder Militar Da Gran-Bretanha E A Aliança Anglo-Lusa. Coimbra, 1939.

   ■. A Cooperaçio Anglo-Portuguesa na Grande Guerra de 1914-18. Lisbon, 1942.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Methuens and Portugal 1691-1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.

   ■. Portugal 1715-1808. London: Tamesis, 1985.

   ■ Freitas, A. Barjona de. A Questão Ingleza. Lisbon, 1891.

   ■ Gonçalves, Caetano. A Aliança Luso-Britânica e o Domínio Colonial Português. Lisbon, 1917.

   ■ Guedes, Armando Marques. A Aliança Inglesa: Notas de História diplomática, 1383-1943. Lisbon, 1943. Halpern Pereira, Miriam. Revoluçio, finanças, dependência externa. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Howorth, A. H. D'Araujo Scott. A Aliança Luso-Britânica E A Segunda Guerra Mundial. Lisbon, 1956.

   ■ Kay, Hugh. Salazar and Modern Portugal. New York: Hawthorne, 1970.

   ■ Lawrence, L. Nehru Seizes Goa. New York: Pageant, 1963.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. "The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance: Historical Perspective." 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 7-15. Lisbon: BBC, 1973.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Borges de. História Diplomática Portuguesa-Constantes e Linhas de Força. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Manoel, J. de Câmara. Portugal e Inglatterra. Lisbon, 1909.

   ■ Martinez, Pedro S. História Diplomática de Portugal. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Medlicott, W. N. The Economic Blockade, Vol. II. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1952.

   ■ Oliveira, Pedro Aires. Os Despojos Da Alianca. A Gra-Bretanha e a questao colonial portuguesa 1945-1975. Lisbon: Tinta-da-China, 2007. Ortigão, Ramalho. John Bull. Lisbon, 1887.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Diplomatic Relations of Portugal with France, England and Holland from 1646 to 1668. Watford, U.K.: Voss & Michael, 1925.

   ■. Chapters in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. London: Voss & Michael, 1935.

   ■ Russell, Peter E. The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955. Sarmento, J. E. Morães. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and Coast Defense. London, 1908.

   ■ Serrão, Joel. "O Ultimatum (January 1890)." Dicionário de História de Portugal. Vol. IV (1971): 219-24.

   ■ Shafaat, Ahmed Khan, ed. Anglo-Portuguese Negotiations Relating to Bombay, 1660-1667. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922.

   ■ Sideri, Sandro. Trade and Power: Informal Colonialism in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press, 1970.

   ■ Sousa, Carlos Hermenegildo de. A Aliança Anglo-Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1943.

   ■ Stone, Glyn A. "The Official British Attitude to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 1910-45." Journal of Contemporary History (London) 10, 4 (Oct. 1975): 729-46.

   ■. The Oldest Ally: Britain and the Portuguese Connection, 1936-1941. Woodbridge, U.K.: Royal Historical Society and Boydell Press, 1994. Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. O Ultimatum Inglês: Política Externa no Portugal do 1890. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Teles, Basilio. Do Ultimatum ao 30 de Janeiro. Oporto, 1905.

   ■ Vicente, António Pedro. "Um testemunho de 1796 sobre a Situação de Portugal face ao domínio inglês." In Arquivos do Centro Cultural Portugües, IV. Paris, 1972.

   ■ Vieira de Castro, Luís. D. Carlos I. ( Elementos de História Diplomática), 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1941.

   ■ Vincent-Smith, John. "Britain, Portugal and the First World War." European Studies Review 4, 3 (1974).

   ■. "The Portuguese Economy and the Anglo-Portuguese Commercial Treaty of 1916." Iberian Studies (Keele, U.K.) III, 2 (Autumn 1974): 49-54.

   ■. As Relações Políticas Luso-Britânicas 1910-1916. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. "The Portuguese Republic and Britain, 1910-14." Journal of Contemporary History 10, 4 (Oct. 1975): 707-27.

   ■ Vintras, R. E. The Portuguese Connection: A Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman & Turner, 1974. Viriato [Pseud]. A Aliança lnglesa. Lisbon, 1914.

   ■ Walford, A. R. The British Factory in Lisbon and Its Closing Stages Ensuring upon the Treaty of 1810. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Portuguese in Angola, 1836-1891: A Study in Expansion and Administration." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 1963.

   ■. "19th Century: Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and the Scramble for Africa." In BBC, 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 40-43. London: BBC, 1973.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, Wisc.) 34, 1, 2 (Summer 1986; Winter 1986): 107-27; 97-111.

   ■ Wordsworth, William. William Wordsworth's Convention of Cintra: A Facsimile of the 1809 Tract [Introduction by Gordon Kent Thomas]. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983.

   ■ Young, George. Portugal Old and Young. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917.

   ■ ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETY

   ■ Almeida, Miguel Vale de. The Hegemonic Male: Masculinity in a Portuguese Town. Oxford: Berghan, 1996.

   ■ Black, Richard. Crisis and Change in Rural Europe: Agricultural Development in the Portuguese Mountains. Aldershot, U.K.: Avebury and Ashgate, 1992.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait: Population and History in a Portuguese Parish. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■. "The Absence of Men." Natural History 96, 2 (Feb. 1987): 52-61.

   ■. "The Portuguese." In Encyclopedia of World Cultures. New Haven, Conn.: Human Relations Area Files, 1990.

   ■. "The Priest and His People: The Contractual Basis for Religious Practice in Rural Portugal." In Ellen Badone, ed., Religious Orthodoxy and Popular Faith in European Society, 55-75. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.

   ■ Brogger, Jan. Pre-bureaucratic Europeans: A Study of a Portuguese Fishing Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. "Portuguese Perspectives." Sociologia Ruralis [Journal of European Rural Sociology] XXIV, 1 (1986); number devoted to rural Portugal today. Chaney, Rick. Regional Emigration and Remittances in Developing Countries: The Portuguese Experience. New York: Praeger, 1986. Cole, Sally. Women of the Praia: Work and Lives in a Portuguese Colonial Community. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991. Cutileiro, José. A Portuguese Rural Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■ Deschamps, Paul. Portugal: La Vie Sociale Actuelle. Paris, 1935.

   ■. Histoire Sociale du Portugal. Paris, 1959.

   ■ Dias, Jorge. Rio do Onor-comunitarismo agropastoral. Oporto, 1953.

   ■. Ensaios Etnológicos. Lisbon, 1961.

   ■. The Portuguese Contribution to Cultural Anthropology. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1964.

   ■. Vilarinho Da Furna: Uma Aldeia Comunitária. Rev. ed. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Downs, Charles. Os Moradores à Conquista da Cidade. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■. "Community Organization, Political Change and Urban Policy: Portugal. 1974-1976." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology. University of California, 1980.

   ■. "Residents' Commissions and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Dracklé, Dorlé. Macht und Ohnmacht: Der Kampf num die Agarreform im Alentejo ( Portugal). Gottingen, Germany: Edit. Re, 1991.

   ■ Espírito Santo, Moise. Communidade Rural ao Norte do Tejo. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Feijó, Rui, H. Martins, and João de Pina Cabral, eds. Death in Portugal. Oxford: Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1983.

   ■ Feijó, Rui Graça. "State, Nation and Regional Diversity in Portugal: An Overview." In Richard Herr and John H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity: Essays on the Nature of Identity in Portugal and Spain, 37-47. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1989.

   ■ Feio, Mariano. Les Bas Alentejo et l'Algarve. Lisbon, 1949.

   ■ Ferreira de Almeida, João. Classes sociais nos campos. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Fonseca, Ramiro da. O Livro da Saúde e da Doença. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. Portugal: A Book of Folk-Ways. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936. Reprinted, 1961.

   ■ Hoefgen, Lynn. "The Integration of Returnees from the Colonies into Portugal's Social and Economic Life." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1985.

   ■ Ingerson, Alice Elizabeth. "Corporatism and Class Consciousness in Northwestern Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Johns Hopkins University, 1984.

   ■ Jenkins, Robin. The Road to Alto. London: Pluto Press, 1979.

   ■ Lawrence, Denise. "Menstrual Politics: Women and Pigs in Rural Portugal." In T. Buckley and A. Gottlieb, eds., Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation, 117-36. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

   ■. "Suburbanization of House Form and Gender Relations in a Rural Portuguese Agro-Town." Architecture and Behavior 4, 3 (1988): 197-212.

   ■ Martins, Hermínio. "Portugal." In Margaret S. Archer and Salvador Giner, eds., Contemporary Europe: Class, Status and Power. New York: St. Martins, 1971.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Identificação de um país. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Merten, Peter. Anarchismüs und Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libera-tare Association, 1981.

   ■ Monteiro, Paulo. Terra que ja foi terra: Análise Sociológica de nove lugares agro-pastorais da Serra da Lousã. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Nataf, Daniel. "Social Cleavages and Regime Formation in Contemporary Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, UCLA, 1987.

   ■ Nazareth, J. Manuel. "Familia e Emigração em Portugal: Ensaio Exploratório." Economia e Socialismo 23 (1977): 31-50.

   ■ O'Neill, Brian Juan. "Dying and Inheriting in Rural Tras-os-Montes." Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 14 (1983): 44-74.

   ■. Social Inequality in a Portuguese Hamlet: Land, Late Marriage, and Inheritance, 1870-1978. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

   ■ Pacheco, Helder. Tradições Populares de Portugal. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Pardoe, Julia. Traits and Traditions of Portugal, 2 vols. London, 1832.

   ■ Pereira Neto, João Baptista. "Social Evolution in Portugal since 1945." In Raymond S. Sayers, ed., Portugal and Brazil in Transition, 212-27. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

   ■ Pina-Cabral, João de. Sons of Adam, Daughters of Eve: The Peasant World-View of the Alto Minho. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

   ■. "Sociocultural Differentiation and Regional Identity in Portugal." In

   ■ R. Herr and J. H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity, 3-18. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1989.

   ■ Poinard, Michel. La Retour des Traveilleurs Portugais. Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 1979.

   ■ Reed, Robert Roy. "Managing the Revolution: Revolutionary Promise and Political Reality in Rural Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 1988.

   ■ Riegelhaupt, Joyce F. "In the Shadow of the City: Integration of a Portuguese Village" [São João das Lampas, nr, Cascais]. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, 1964.

   ■. "Saloio Women: An Analysis of Informal and Formal Political and Economic Roles of Portuguese Peasant Women." Anthropological Quarterly 40, 3 (July 1967): 109-26.

   ■. "Festas and Padres: The Organization of Religious Action in a Portuguese Parish." American Anthropologist 75 (1973): 835-52.

   ■. "Peasants and Politics in Salazar's Portugal: The Corporate State and Village 'Nonpolitics'" In L. S. Graham and H. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents, 167-90. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Julieta E. S. de Almeida. "Continuity and Change in Urban Portuguese Women's Roles: Emerging New Household Structures." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Columbia University, 1979.

   ■ Rowland, Robert. "Demographic Patterns and Rural Society in Portugal." So-ciologica Ruralis 26, 1 (1986): 36-47.

   ■ Sanchis, Pierre. Arraial. La Fête d'un Peuple: Les Pélerinages Populaires au Portugal. Paris, 1976.

   ■ Siegel, Bernard J. "Social Structure and Medical Practitioners in Rural Brazil and Portugal." Sociologia (São Paulo) 20, 4 (Oct. 1958): 463-76.

   ■. "Conflict, Parochialism and Social Differentiation in Portuguese Society." Journal of Conflict Resolution V, 1 (March 1961): 35-12.

   ■ Smith, T. Lynn. "The Social Relationships of Man to the Land in Portugal." Sociologia 25, 1 (Dec. 1963): 319-43.

   ■ Sousa Santos, Boaventura. "Estado e sociedade na semiperíferia do sistema mundiale: O caso português." Análise Social 87-89 (1985): 869-902.

   ■. "Social Crisis and the State." In Kenneth Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation, 167-95. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Vasconcellos, Joaquim Leite de. Ethnograia Portuguesa, 8 vols. Lisbon, 1941-82.

   ■. Tradições Populares Portugueses. New ed. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Willems, Emilio. "On Portuguese Family Structure." International Journal of Comparative Society (Dharwar, India) 3, 1 (Sept. 1962): 65-79.

   ■ ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, MUSIC

   ■ Almeida, Rodrigo Vicente de. História da Arte em Portugal: ( Segundo Estudo) Documentos lnéditos. Oporto, 1883. Almeida D'Eca, Admiral Vicente M. Castles of Portugal. Lisbon, 1925. Amaral, Francisco K. Lisboa: Uma Cidade em Transformação. Lisbon, 1969. Azevedo, Carlos de, and Chester Brummel. Churches of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1985.

   ■ Barreira, João, ed. Arte Portuguesa: As Decorativas, 2 vols. Lisbon, n.d.

   ■ Barretto, Mascarenhas, and George Dykes. Fado: Lyrical Origins and Poetical Motivation. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. London: Scala, 1987.

   ■ Branco, Luís de Freitas. A Música em Portugal. Lisbon, 1930.

   ■ Brito, Manuel Carlos de. Opera in Portugal in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

   ■ Carvalho, Pinto de. História de Fado. Lisbon, 1903 and 1982 eds.

   ■ Castro d'Aire, Teresa. O Fado. Lisbon: Temas da Actualidade, 1996.

   ■ Chicó, Mário Tavares. A Architectura Gótica em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. A Arte em Portugal No Século XIX. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■. Lisboa Pombalina e o Illuminismo, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. A Reconstrucão e a Arquitectura Pombalina. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. "The Fado (The Portuguese Song of Fate)." Musical Quarterly XIX (1933): 199-213.

   ■. Eight Portuguese Folksongs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936.

   ■ Gil, Júlio. The Finest Churches in Portugal. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■. The Finest Castles in Portugal, 3rd ed. George F. W. Dykes, trans. Lisbon, 1996.

   ■ Gonçalves, Rui Mário. Pintura e escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura, 1984.

   ■. 100 Pintores Portugueses do século XX. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■ Kubler, George. Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521-1706. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1972.

   ■. Studies in Ancient American and European Art: The Collected Essays of George Kubler. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.

   ■, and Martin Soria. Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1959.

   ■ Lacerda, Aarão de. História da Arte em Portugal, 2 vols. Oporto, 1942-48.

   ■ Leão, Joaquim de Sousa. "Decorative Art: The Azulejo." In H. V. Livermore, ed. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

   ■ Lopes Graça, Fernando. A canção popular portuguesa. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■. A música portuguesa e os sus problemas: Ensaios. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Moita, Luís. O fado: canção de vencidos. Lisbon, 1936.

   ■ Neves, José Cassiano. The Palace and Gardens of Fronteira: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Portuguese Style. Lisbon: Quetzal and Scala, 1995. North, C.T. Guia dos castelos antigos de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Bertrand Ed., 2002.

   ■ Pacheco, Jose. Stuart Carvalhais. O desenho grafico e a imprensa. Lisbon: Biblioteca do Empresario, 2000. Pereira, Paulo, ed. Arte portuguesa. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995. Picchio, Luciana Stegagno. Storia del Teatro Portoghese. Rome: Edizinio deli' Ateneo, 1964.

   ■ Queirós, José. Cerâmica Portuguesa, 2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Santos, Luís Reis. Monuments of Portugal. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1948-50.

   ■. História da Arte em Portugal. Oporto, 1953.

   ■ Sasportes, José. História da Dança em Portugal. Lisbon, 1970. Simões, J. M. dos Santos. "Azulejos in a Land of Many Colours." Connoisseur (London) CXXXVII, 551 (1956): 15-21.

   ■. Azulejaria em Portugal no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. A Talha em Portugal. Lisbon, 1963.

   ■. The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

   ■. "The Building of Mafra." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 360-67.

   ■ Stoop, Anne de. Demeures portugaises dans les environs de Lisbonne. Paris: Weber, 1986.

   ■. Palais et manoirs: Le Minho. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995.

   ■ Tannock, Michael. Portuguese 20th Century Artists: A Biographical Dictionary. Chichester, U.K.: Phillimore, 1978.

   ■ Taylor, René. "The Architecture of Port Wine." The Architectural Review CXXIX, 772 (1961): 368-99.

   ■ Terol, Marylene. Azulejos a Lisbonne. Paris: Hervas, 1992.

   ■ Veiga de Oliveira, Ernesto. Instrumentos musicais populares portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Watson, Walter Crum. Portuguese Architecture. London: Constable, 1908. Wohl, Hellmut. "Carlos Mardel and His Lisbon Architecture." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 350-59.

   ■ Sculpture and Ceramics

   ■ Andrade, Sergio de. "Presepios." In Dicionario de Arte Barroca em Portugal. Lisbon: Presenca, 1989. Barreira, Joao. Arte Portuguesa, Arquitectura e Escultura. Lisbon: Excelsior, n.d.

   ■ Cardoso, Arnaldo Pinto. O Presepio Barroco Portugues. Lisbon: Bertrand, 2003.

   ■ Chaves, Luis. Os Barristas Portugueses. Coimbra, 1925.

   ■. Natal Portugues. Oporto: Liv. Classica Editora, 1942.

   ■ Gargano, Pietro. Il Presepio. Otto Secoli di Storia, Arte, Tradizione. Milan: Fenice, 1995.

   ■ Lima, Henrique de Campos F. Joaquim Machado de Castro, Escultor Conimbricense. Coimbra: Instituto de Historia de Arte, 1989. Macedo, Diogo de. Presepios Portugueses. Lisbon: Artis, 1951.

   ■. Machado de Castro. Lisbon: Artis, 1958.

   ■ Morais, Heitor. Natal do Meu Coracao. Braga: Ed. A.O., 1991.

   ■ Pais, Alexandre Nobre. Presepios Portugueses Monumentos do Seculo XVIII em Terracotta, 2 vols. Master's thesis in history of art, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Queiros, Jose. Ceramica Portuguesa. Lisbon: Presenca, 1998. Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1951. Serrao, Vitor. Historia da Arte em Portugal IV-O Barroco. Lisbon: Presenca, 2003.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. The Art Of Portugal 1500-1800. New York: Meredith Press, 1968.

   ■ Sousa, Ernesto de. Presepios. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1998.

   ■ Cinema

   ■ Antunes, Joao and Jose de Matos-Cruz, Cinema Portugues 1896-1998. Lisbon: Lusomundo, 1997.

   ■ Bandeira, Jose Gomes. Porto: 100 anos de cinema portugues. Oporto: Camara Municipal do Porto, 1996. Duarte, Fernando. Primitivos do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Cinecultura, 1960.

   ■ Faria de Almeida, M., Resumo da Historia do Cinema. Lisbon: RTP, 1982. Nobre, Roberto. Singularidades do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Portugalia, n.d.

   ■ Pina, Luis de. Aventura do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Vega, 1977.

   ■. Documentarismo Portugues. Lisbon: IPC, 1977.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Historia do Cinema Portugues. Mem Martins: Europa-America, 1986.

   ■ Ribeiro, Felix. O Cinema Portugues antes do Sonoro. Esboco Historiconema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: n.d.

   ■ Children's Literature

   ■ Andresen, Sofia de Melo Breyner. A Fada Oriana. 9th ed. Lisbon: Figueiri-nhas, 1985.

   ■ Araújo, Matilde Rosa. A estrada fascinante. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1988. Barreto, Garcia. Literatura Para Crianças E Jovens Em Portugal. Oporto:

   ■ Campo Das Letras, 1998. Bastos, Glória. A escrita para crianças em Portugal no seculo XIX. Lisbon:

   ■ Caminho da Educaçao, 1997. Cadet, Maria Rita Chiappe. Os Contos da Mamã. Lisbon: Lallement Freres, 1883.

   ■ Castro, Fernanda. Mariazinha em Africa, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1947. Cross, Esther, and Wilbur Cross. Portugal. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1986. DeSkalon, Anna, and Christa Stadtler. We Live in Portugal. New York: Watts, 1987.

   ■ Gomes, Alice. A Nau Catrineta, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1973.

   ■. A literatura para a infância. Lisbon: Torres & Abreu, 1979.

   ■ Letria, José Jorge. Do sentimento mágico da vida. Lisbon: Escritor, 1994. Müller, Adolfo Simões. Historiazinha de Portugal, 6th ed. Oporto: Tavares Martins, 1983.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. Para as crianças. Illustr. by Leal da Câmara. Setúbal: Liv. Crianças, 1908.

   ■ Pires, Maria Laura Bettencourt. História da literatura infantil portuguesa. Lisbon: Vega, 1981. Ribeiro, Aquilino. Arca de Noé-III Classe. Lisbon, 1989. Rocha, Natércia. Breve História da Literatura para Crianças em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1984.

   ■. Bibliografia geral da literatura portuguesa para crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.

   ■ Sá, Domingos Guimarães de. A literatura infantil em Portugal. Braga: Edit. Franciscana, 1981.

   ■ Selfridge. John. Portugal. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. Vaz de Carvalho, Maria Amália. Contos para os Nossos Filhos, 11th ed. Oporto: Barreira, 1947.

   ■ Viana, António Manuel Couto. Jõao de Deus e um século de literatura infantil em Portugal. Lisbon: Ed. do Templo, 1978.

   ■ Lisbon, Capital City, in History and Literature

   ■ Castelo-Branco, Fernando. Lisboa Seiscentista, 3rd ed. Lisbon: 1969.

   ■ Castilho, Júlio de. Lisboa Antiga, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1935-45.

   ■ Couto, Dejanirah. Histoire de Lisbonne. Paris: Fayard, 2000.

   ■ Crespo, Ángel. Lisboa Mítica e Literária. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1987.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Lisboa Desaparecida. Lisbon: Quimera, 1990.

   ■ Dionísio, Sant'anna, ed. Guia de Portugal. Vol. I: Lisboa e Arredores. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, 1924, orig. ed; reprint, Gulbenkian Foundation, 1979.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. Lisboa Pombalina e o Iluminismo. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Moita, Irisalva, ed. O Livro de Lisboa. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1994.

   ■ Neves, Orlando. Lisboa em Crónica. Lisbon: Author's Ed., 1968.

   ■ Pavão, Luís, and Mário Pereira. Tabernas de Lisboa. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim, 1981.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Lisboa. O que o turista deve ver: What the Tourist Should See. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1997.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. À Capital. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1960.

   ■ Santos, Piedade Braga, et al. Lisboa Setecentista vista por Estrangeiros. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1996.

   ■ Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa. Lisbon: Caminho, 1993.

   ■ Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.

   ■ The Inquisition in History

   ■ Azevedo, João Lúcio. Historia das Cristãos-Novos. Lisbon: Liv. Clássica, 1975.

   ■ Baião, António. A Inquisição em Portugal e no Brasil: Subsídios para a sua história. Lisbon: Arquivo Histórico Portugues, 1906. Bethencourt, Francisco. "Portugal: A Scrupulous Inquisition," In Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen, eds., Early Modern Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries, 403-22. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

   ■. "Os equilíbrios sociais do Poder." In José Mattoso, ed., Historia De Portugal, Vol. 3, No Alvorecer Da Modernidade ( 1480-1620). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.

   ■. História das Inquisições: Portugal, Espanha e Itália. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1994.

   ■ Braga, Maria Luísa. A Inquisição em Portugal na primeira metade do Séc. XVIII. Lisbon: Inst. Nacional de Investigação Científica, 1992.

   ■ Haliczer, Stephen, ed. Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe. London: Croom Helm, 1987.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. Reprint. New York: AMS Press, 1968.

   ■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero. "Em Busca dos Tempos da Inquisição (15731615)." Revista de História das Ideias 9 (1987): 191-228.

   ■ Mea, Elvira Cunha Azevedo. A Inquisição de Coimbra no Século XVI. Oporto, 1989.

   ■ Mendonça, José Lourenço D. de, and António Joaquim Moreira. História da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1980.

   ■ Novinsky, Anita, and Luísa M. Carneiro, eds. Inquisição: Ensaios sobre Mentalidade, Heresias e Arte. Rio de Janeiro: Expressão e Cultura, 1992.

   ■ Pereira, Isais da Rosa. Documentos para a história da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Rego, Yvonne Cunha, ed. Feiticeiros, Profetas e Visionários: Textos Antigos Portugueses. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional e Casa da Moeda, 1981.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. Inquisição e cristãos-novos. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.

   ■ Walker, Timothy Dale. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Literature in English Translation: Selection

   ■ Alcaforado, Mariana. The Letters of a Portuguese Nun ( Mariana Alcaforado). Edgar Prestage, trans. London: D. Nutt, 1893.

   ■ Andrade, Eugénio de. "White on White." Alexis Levitin, trans. Quarterly Review of Literature. Poetry Series VIII. Vol. 27. Princeton, N.J., 1987.

   ■. Another Name for Earth; O outro nome da terra. Alexis Levitin, trans. Ft. Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1997.

   ■ Andresen, Sophia de Mello Breyner. Marine Rose: Selected Poems. Ruth Fain-light, trans. Redding Ridge, Conn.: Swan Books, 1989.

   ■ Antunes, António Lobo. South of Nowhere. Elizabeth Lowe, trans. New York: Random House, 1983.

   ■. Fado Alexandrino. Gregory Rabassa, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.

   ■. An Explanation of the Birds. Richard Zenith, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

   ■. Act of the Damned. New York: Grove Press, 1995.

   ■. The Natural Order of Things. New York: Grove Press, 2000.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Poems from the Portuguese ( with the Portuguese text). A.

   ■ Bell, trans. Oxford: Blackwell, 1913.

   ■ Camões, Luís de. The Lusiads of Luís de Camões. Leonard Bacon, trans. New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1950.

   ■. The Lusiads. William C. Atkinson, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1952.

   ■. The Lusiads. Landeg White, trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

   ■ Castelo Branco, Camilo. Doomed Love ( A Family Memoir). Alice R. Clemente, trans Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1995. Castro, José Maria Ferreira de. Emigrants. Dorothy Ball, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

   ■. Jungle. Charles Duff, trans. New York: Viking, 1935.

   ■. The Mission. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1963.

   ■ Dantas, Júlio. The Cardinals' Collation, 48th ed. A. Saintsbury, trans. London, 1962.

   ■ Dias de Melo. Dark Stones. Gregory McNab, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1996.

   ■ Dinis, Júlio. The Fidalgos of Casa Mourisca. Rosanna Dabney, trans. Boston: D. Lothrop, 1891.

   ■ Garrett, Almeida. Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.

   ■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

   ■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.

   ■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.

   ■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.

   ■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. The Travels of Mendes Pinto [Orig. title: Peregrinação].

   ■ Rebecca D. Catz, trans., with introduction and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Miguéis, José Rodrigues. A Man Smiles at Death with Half a Face. George

   ■ Monteiro, trans. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991.

   ■. Happy Easter. John Byrne, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■. Steerage and Ten Other Stories. George Monteiro, ed. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1998. Monteiro, Luís De Sttau. The Rules of the Game. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1965.

   ■ Mourão-Ferreira, David. Lucky in Love. Christine Robinson, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1999. Namora, Fernando. Field of Fate. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1970.

   ■. Mountain Doctor. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1956.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Inclement Weather over the Channel. Francisco Cota Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1993.

   ■. Stormy Isles: An Azorean Tale. Francisco C. Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 2000.

   ■ Paço D'Arcos, Joaquim. Memoirs of a Banknote. Robert Lyle, trans. London, 1968.

   ■ Pedroso, Consiglieri, comp. Portuguese Folk-Tales. Henriqueta Monteiro, trans. Reprint of orig. 1882 ed. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1969.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Fernando Pessoa: Sixty Portuguese Poems. F. E. G. Quintanilha, ed. and trans. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1971.

   ■. Selected Poems: Fernando Pessoa. 2nd rev. ed. Jonathan Griffin, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1982.

   ■. The Book of Disquiet. Alfred MacAdams, trans. New York: Pantheon, 1991.

   ■. Fernando Pessoa: Selected Poems. Peter Rickard, ed. and trans. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.

   ■. "The Mariner: A 'Static Drama' in One Act." In Translation: Portugal.

   ■ George Ritchie, et al., trans. The Journal of Literary Translation. Vol. XXV, 38-56. New York: Translation Center, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■. Message: Bilingual Edition. Jonathan Griffin, trans. London: Menard Press and King's College, 1992.

   ■ Pires, José Cardoso. Ballad of a Dog's Beach. Mary Fitton, trans. London: J. M. Dent, 1986.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. Cousin Bazilio. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1953.

   ■. The Relic. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1954.

   ■. The City and the Mountains. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1955.

   ■. The Sin of Father Amaro. Nan Flanagan, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1962.

   ■. The Maias. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1965.

   ■. The Illustrious House of Ramires. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■. Letters from England. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1970.

   ■. To the Capital. John Vetch, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■ Quental, Antero de. Sixty-four Sonnets. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: David Nutt, 1894.

   ■ Redol, Alves. The Man with Seven Names. L. L. Barrett, trans. New York: Knopf, 1964.

   ■ Resende, André de. André deResende's 'Poema Latina'/ 'Latinpoems.' J. C. R. Martyn, ed. and trans. Lewiston N.Y.: Lampeter and Edwin Mellen, 1998. Ribeiro, Aquilino. When the Wolves Howl. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. New York: Macmillan; London: Cape, 1963. Sá Carneiro, Mário de. The Great Shadow ( and Other Stories). Margaret Jull Costa, trans. Sawtry, U.K.: Dedalus, 1996. Santareno, Bernardo. The Promise. Nelson H. Vieira, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1981.

   ■ Saramago, José. Baltasar and Blimunda. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1987.

   ■. The Stone Raft. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The History of the Siege of Lisbon. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996.

   ■. Blindness. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1999.

   ■. Tale of the Unknown Island. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2000.

   ■. All the Names. Margaret Jull Costa, trans. New York: Harcourt, 2000.

   ■. Journey to Portugal. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2001.

   ■ Sena, Jorge de. The Poetry of Jorge de Sena: A Bilingual Selection. Frederick G. Williams et al., trans. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Mudborn Press, 1980.

   ■. By the Rivers of Babylon and Other Stories. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989.

   ■ Vicente, Gil. Four Plays of Gil Vicente: Edited from the Editio Princeps ( 1562). Aubrey F. G. Bell, ed. and trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.

   ■. Lyrics of Gil Vicente. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Hispanic Notes and Monographs, Portuguese Series 1, 1921.

   ■. The Play of Rubena. Jack E. Tomlins, trans.; Rene P. Garay and José I. Suarez, eds. New York: National Hispanic Foundation for Humanities, 1993.

   ■. The Boat Plays. David Johnston, trans. and adaptation. London: Oberon, 1996.

   ■. Three Discovery Plays. Anthony Lappin, trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1997.

   ■ Vieira, António. Dust Thou Art. Rev. W. Anderson, trans. London, 1882.

   ■ Portuguese and Portuguese-American Cooking: Cuisine

   ■ Anderson, Jean. Food of Portugal. New York: Hearst, 1994. Asselin, E. Donald. A Portuguese-American Cookbook. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1966.

   ■ Bourne, Ursula. Portuguese Cookery. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973. Crato, Maria Helena Tavares. Cozinha Portuguesa I, II. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1978.

   ■ Dienhart, Miriam, and Anne Emerson, ed. Cooking in Portugal. Cascais: American Women of Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Feibleman, Peter S. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. New York: Time-Life Books; Foods of the World, 1969.

   ■ Koehler, Margaret H. Recipes from the Portuguese of Provincetown. Riverside, Conn.: Chatham Press, 1973. Manjny, Maite. The Home Book of Portuguese Cookery. London: Faber & Faber, 1974.

   ■ Marques, Susan Lowndes. Good Food from Spain and Portugal. London: Muller, 1956.

   ■ Modesto, Maria de Lourdes. Cozinha Tradicional Portuguesa. Lisbon: Verbo, 1982.

   ■ Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert. The Food of Spain and Portugal. The Complete Iberian Cuisine. New York: Atheneum, 1989. Pinto, Elvira. La Bonne Cuisine Portugaise. Paris: Edicions Garanciere, 1985.

   ■ Robertson, Carol. Portuguese Cooking: The Authentic and Robust Cuisine of Portugal. Berkeley Calif.: North Atlantic, 1993. Schmaeling, Tony. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. Ware, U.K.: Omega, 1983.

   ■ Vieira, Édite. The Taste of Portugal. London: Robinson, 1989.

   ■ Von Treskow, Maria. Zü Gast in Portugal: Eine Kulnarische Reise in Garten Europas. Weingarten: Kunstverlag, 1989. Wright, Carol. Portuguese Food. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■. Self-catering in Portugal: Making the Most of Local Food and Drink. London: Croom Helm, 1986.

   ■ Gardens and Gardening of Portugal and Madeira

   ■ Afonso, Simonetta Luz, and Angela Delaforce. Palace of Queluz— The Gardens. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Araújo, Iluídio Alves de. Arte Paisagista e Arte das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1962.

   ■ Azeredo, Francisco de. Casas Senhoriais Portuguesas. Barcelos, 1986.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1987.

   ■ Bowe, Patrick, and Nicolas Sapieha. Gardens of Portugal. New York: Scala Books and Harper and Row, 1989.

   ■ Cane, Florence du. The Flowers and Gardens of Madeira. London, 1924.

   ■ Cardoso, Pedro Homem, and Helder Carita. Da Grandeza das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Carita, Helder, and Homem Cardoso. Portuguese Gardens. London: Antique Collector's Club, 1987.

   ■ Costa, António da, and Luís de O. Franquinho. Madeira: Plantas e Floras. Funchal, 1986.

   ■ Nichols, Rose Standish. Spanish and Portuguese Gardens. Boston, 1926.

   ■ Pereira, Arthur D. Sintra and Its Farm Manors. Sintra, 1983.

   ■ Sampaio, Gonçalo. Flora Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1945.

   ■ Underwood, John, and Pat Underwood. Landscapes of Madeira. London, 1980.

   ■ Vieira, Rui. Flowers of Madeira. Funchal, 1973.

   ■ Viterbo, Francisco Marques de Sousa. A Jardinagem em Portugal, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1906-9.

   ■ Education, Science, Health, and Medical History

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Estudos de História, 3 vols. Coimbra, 1973-81.

   ■. Ciência e experiência nos Descobrimentos portugueses. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. Para a História de Ciência em Portugal. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. As Navegaçoes E A Sua Projecção Na Ciência E Na Cultura. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Baião, Antônio. Episódios Dramáticos da Inquisição Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1936-55.

   ■ Cabreira, Antônio. Portugal nos mares e nas ciências. Lisbon, 1929. Carvalho, Rômulo de. A Astronomia em Portugal (séc. xviii). Lisbon, 1985. Fernandes, Barahona. Egas Moniz: Pioneiro de descobrimentos médicos. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Gaitonde, P. D. Portuguese Pioneers in India: Spotlight on Medicine. London: Sangam Books, 1983.

   ■ Hanson, Carl A. "Portuguese Cosmology in the Late Seventeenth Century." In Benjamin F. Taggie and Richard W. Clement, eds., Iberia & the Mediterranean, 75-85. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State University, 1989.

   ■ Higgins, Michael H., and Charles F. S. de Winton. Survey of Education in Portugal. London, 1942.

   ■ Hirsch, Elizabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist. The Hague, 1967.

   ■ Lemos, Maximiano. Arquivos de História da Medicina Portuguesa. Several vols. Lisbon, 1886-1923. Vol. I. História da Medicina em Portugal. Doutrina e Instituições. Lisbon, 1899.

   ■ Mira, Matias Ferreira de. História da Medicina Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Orta, Garcia de. Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinais da India. Conde de Ficalho, ed., 2 vols. Lisbon, 1891-95.

   ■ Osório, J. Pereira. História e Desenvolvimento da Ciência em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986-89.

   ■ Pina, Luís de. "Uma prioridade portuguesa do século XVI. João de Barros e a Dactiloscópia Oriental." Arquivo da Repartição de Antropologia Criminal IV (1936).

   ■. "As Ciências na História do Império Colonial Português — Séculos XV a XIX." Anais de Faculdade de Ciências do Porto ( 1939-10).

   ■. "Os Portugueses Mestres de Ciência e Metras no Estrangeiro." Actas do Congresso do Mundo Português. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■. "A Ciência em Portugal (bosquejo Histórico)." In Secretariado Nacional da Informação, ed., Portugal: Breviário Da Pátria Para Os Portugueses Ausentes, 277-301. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Richards, Robert A. C., ed. Guide to World Science: Vol. 9: Spain and Portugal, 2nd ed. Guernsey, U.K.: F. H. Books, 1974.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. História da Cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-62.

   ■ ———. "João de Barros." In Serrao, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal 1 (1963): 307-8.

   ■ Silvestre Ribeiro, José. História dos Establecimentos Scientíficos, Literários e Artísticos de Portugal nos Successivos Reinados da Monarchia, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1871-83.

   ■ Veiga-Pires, J. A., and Ronald G. Grainger, eds. Pioneers in Angiography: The Portuguese School ofAngiography. Lancaster, U.K.: MTP Press, 1982.

   ■ Walker, Timothy. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Feminism and Women's Studies

   ■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.

   ■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.

   ■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.

   ■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.

   ■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Religion and Catholic Church

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.

   ■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.

   ■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.

   ■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

   ■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.

   ■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.

   ■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.

   ■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.

   ■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.

   ■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing

   ■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.

   ■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.

   ■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.

   ■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.

   ■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.

   ■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.

   ■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.

   ■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.

   ■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.

   ■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.

   ■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.

   ■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.

   ■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.

   ■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.

   ■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.

   ■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.

   ■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Moreira da Fonseca, A. Port Wine: Notes on Its History, Production and Technology. Oporto, 1981.

   ■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.

   ■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

   ■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.

   ■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.

   ■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.

   ■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.

   ■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.

   ■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.

   ■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.

   ■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT

   ■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.

   ■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.

   ■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.

   ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.

   ■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.

   ■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.

   ■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).

   ■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.

   ■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.

   ■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.

   ■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.

   ■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.

   ■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.

   ■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].

   ■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.

   ■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.

   ■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.

   ■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.

   ■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.

   ■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.

   ■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.

   ■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.

   ■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.

   ■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL

   ■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.

   ■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.

   ■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.

   ■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.

   ■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.

   ■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.

   ■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.

   ■ EQUESTRIANISM

   ■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.

   ■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.

   ■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.

   ■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.

   ■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,

   ■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.

   ■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.com

Historical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
6 totalmente

adv.

totally, completely.

* * *

totalmente

► adverbio

1 totally, completely

* * *

ADV totally, completely

Mario es totalmente distinto a Luis — Mario is totally o completely different from Luis

estoy totalmente de acuerdo — I totally o completely agree

-¿estás seguro? -totalmente — "are you sure?" - "absolutely"

* * *

adverbio totally

estoy totalmente de acuerdo — I agree entirely

construido totalmente en madera — built entirely of wood

* * *

= entirely, fully, outright, purely, totally, wholly, utterly, go + the whole hog, the full monty, wholeheartedly [whole-heartedly], by a long way, hopelessly + Adjetivo, one hundred percent, heinously + Adjetivo.

Ex. Table 1 may be used anywhere in the schedules, entirely at the discretion of the classifier.

Ex. Although this may seem an obvious statement, there are many instances when the searcher is not fully aware of what can or might be retrieved.

Ex. The author of an unpublished book normally had to sell it outright for whatever the publisher chose to pay in cash or in printed copies.

Ex. Indicative-informative abstracts are more common than either the purely indicative or the purely informative abstract.

Ex. Clearly, the only totally adequate indication of the content of a document is the text of the document in its entirety.

Ex. Since 1980 it has offered access to data bases and data banks either wholly or partially sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities.

Ex. We recount the parts which absorbed us utterly, which made us feel that the alternative world was more vivid, more 'real,' than our life outside the book.

Ex. The article 'Patent information: going the whole hog' presents an overview of Derwent's products in the patent information field.

Ex. The article ' The digital full monty?' forecasts that the world of information is likely to be dominated by global giants on the one hand and selective niche providers on the other.

Ex. I agree whole-heartedly that the subject approach is used chiefly by the beginner, whether it is a historical researcher or a high school student who is looking for term paper material.

Ex. The best possible candidate, by a long way, is also one who is, for political reasons, a dark horse.

Ex. Rumor has it that she 'tolerates' Mathilda Panopoulos, having tried many times to engage her in meaningful dialogue only to find her ' hopelessly set in her opinions'.

Ex. Even if a runner does recover after pulling a muscle they will never be one hundred percent healed.

Ex. What is truly and more heinously wrong though is that the architects of the financial disaster will likely go scot-free.

----

* desconocer totalmente = be blissfully unaware.

* estar totalmente convencido de = be all for.

* estar totalmente de acuerdo con = be all for.

* estar totalmente equivocado = be way off.

* recuperarse totalmente = be up to strength.

* totalmente + Adjetivo = utterly + Adjetivo, downright + Adjetivo.

* totalmente amueblado = fully furnished.

* totalmente corrupto = rotten to the core.

* totalmente decidido a = dead set on.

* totalmente desnudo = stark naked.

* totalmente entregado = dedicated.

* totalmente equipado = fully equipped [fully-equipped], with all mods and cons, fully fitted.

* totalmente fiable = safety critical [safety-critical].

* totalmente injusto = grossly unfair.

* totalmente integrado = seamless.

* totalmente negligente = grossly negligent.

* totalmente perdido = babe in the wood.

* totalmente polaco = all-Polish.

* totalmente resuelto a = dead set on.

* totalmente seco = bone dry.

* totalmente soviético = all-Soviet.

* * *

adverbio totally

estoy totalmente de acuerdo — I agree entirely

construido totalmente en madera — built entirely of wood

* * *

= entirely, fully, outright, purely, totally, wholly, utterly, go + the whole hog, the full monty, wholeheartedly [whole-heartedly], by a long way, hopelessly + Adjetivo, one hundred percent, heinously + Adjetivo.

Ex: Table 1 may be used anywhere in the schedules, entirely at the discretion of the classifier.

Ex: Although this may seem an obvious statement, there are many instances when the searcher is not fully aware of what can or might be retrieved.

Ex: The author of an unpublished book normally had to sell it outright for whatever the publisher chose to pay in cash or in printed copies.

Ex: Indicative-informative abstracts are more common than either the purely indicative or the purely informative abstract.

Ex: Clearly, the only totally adequate indication of the content of a document is the text of the document in its entirety.

Ex: Since 1980 it has offered access to data bases and data banks either wholly or partially sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities.

Ex: We recount the parts which absorbed us utterly, which made us feel that the alternative world was more vivid, more 'real,' than our life outside the book.

Ex: The article 'Patent information: going the whole hog' presents an overview of Derwent's products in the patent information field.

Ex: The article ' The digital full monty?' forecasts that the world of information is likely to be dominated by global giants on the one hand and selective niche providers on the other.

Ex: I agree whole-heartedly that the subject approach is used chiefly by the beginner, whether it is a historical researcher or a high school student who is looking for term paper material.

Ex: The best possible candidate, by a long way, is also one who is, for political reasons, a dark horse.

Ex: Rumor has it that she 'tolerates' Mathilda Panopoulos, having tried many times to engage her in meaningful dialogue only to find her ' hopelessly set in her opinions'.

Ex: Even if a runner does recover after pulling a muscle they will never be one hundred percent healed.

Ex: What is truly and more heinously wrong though is that the architects of the financial disaster will likely go scot-free.

* desconocer totalmente = be blissfully unaware.

* estar totalmente convencido de = be all for.

* estar totalmente de acuerdo con = be all for.

* estar totalmente equivocado = be way off.

* recuperarse totalmente = be up to strength.

* totalmente + Adjetivo = utterly + Adjetivo, downright + Adjetivo.

* totalmente amueblado = fully furnished.

* totalmente corrupto = rotten to the core.

* totalmente decidido a = dead set on.

* totalmente desnudo = stark naked.

* totalmente entregado = dedicated.

* totalmente equipado = fully equipped [fully-equipped], with all mods and cons, fully fitted.

* totalmente fiable = safety critical [safety-critical].

* totalmente injusto = grossly unfair.

* totalmente integrado = seamless.

* totalmente negligente = grossly negligent.

* totalmente perdido = babe in the wood.

* totalmente polaco = all-Polish.

* totalmente resuelto a = dead set on.

* totalmente seco = bone dry.

* totalmente soviético = all-Soviet.

* * *

totalmente

adverb

totally

estoy totalmente de acuerdo I totally o fully agree, I entirely agree

eso es totalmente absurdo that's totally o completely o utterly absurd

construido totalmente en madera built entirely of wood

estás totalmente equivocado you are totally o ( BrE) quite wrong

está totalmente dedicada a sus hijos she's totally o completely dedicated to her children

* * *

totalmente adv

totally, completely;

el país ha cambiado totalmente en los últimos años the country has changed completely in the last few years;

una publicación totalmente gratuita a completely free publication;

es totalmente imposible it's totally impossible;

¿crees que ganaremos? – totalmente do you think we'll win? – definitely o absolutely

* * *

totalmente

adv totally, completely

* * *

totalmente adv completely / totally / utterly

Spanish-English dictionary > totalmente
7 enérgicamente

adv.

energetically, assertively, actively, briskly.

* * *

enérgicamente

► adverbio

1 (decir, hablar) forcefully, emphatically, firmly; (negar) vigorously; (rechazar) strongly

2 (agitar) vigorously

* * *

ADV [condenar, defender] forcefully, vigorously; [desmentir] emphatically, vigorously; [resistir] strenuously; [actuar] boldly

un proceso rentable energéticamente — an energy-efficient process

* * *

= aggressively, emphatically, heartily, violently, forcefully, sturdily, vociferously, vigourously [vigorously, -USA], robustly, lustily.

Ex. An alphabetical arrangement was out of the question in so aggressively international an enterprise, and they turned their minds to systematic arrangement.

Ex. Cutter, as if anticipating the ISBD a hundred years later, took pains to explain at length and emphatically the importance of brevity and clarity in catalog entries.

Ex. From that perspective I should like to heartily endorse Mr. Lubetzky's comments particularly with respect to main entry -- author-main entries, in particular -- and ISBD.

Ex. I have violently disagreed with this to the Canadian Committee on Cataloging.

Ex. Do not pull a book from the shelf by forcefully tugging the top of the spine.

Ex. Standardization never became quite complete, especially as regards height-to-paper; the Clarendon Press sturdily retains the so-called Dutch height of 23-851 mm. to this day, and various aberrant heights may still be found in Europe.

Ex. This article argues that the OTA report, despite its affirmation of public access to information, is unlikely to cause a redeployment of resources unless librarians argue vociferously that there is a real need for this information.

Ex. Far from being an innocuous social institution the public library is an arena where culture has been vigorously contested.

Ex. Exports of manufacturing goods to former communist countries have declined sharply, but exports to the European Community across an array of goods -- including heavy machinery -- have grown robustly.

Ex. France's national anthem was lustily jeered by the crowd at the opening of a France-Tunisia friendly match in Paris last night.

----

* defender enérgicamente = be vociferous about/in.

* demandar cada vez más enérgicamente = build + pressure.

* protestar enérgicamente = protest + forcefully.

* reprimir enérgicamente = crack down on.

* * *

= aggressively, emphatically, heartily, violently, forcefully, sturdily, vociferously, vigourously [vigorously, -USA], robustly, lustily.

Ex: An alphabetical arrangement was out of the question in so aggressively international an enterprise, and they turned their minds to systematic arrangement.

Ex: Cutter, as if anticipating the ISBD a hundred years later, took pains to explain at length and emphatically the importance of brevity and clarity in catalog entries.

Ex: From that perspective I should like to heartily endorse Mr. Lubetzky's comments particularly with respect to main entry -- author-main entries, in particular -- and ISBD.

Ex: I have violently disagreed with this to the Canadian Committee on Cataloging.

Ex: Do not pull a book from the shelf by forcefully tugging the top of the spine.

Ex: Standardization never became quite complete, especially as regards height-to-paper; the Clarendon Press sturdily retains the so-called Dutch height of 23-851 mm. to this day, and various aberrant heights may still be found in Europe.

Ex: This article argues that the OTA report, despite its affirmation of public access to information, is unlikely to cause a redeployment of resources unless librarians argue vociferously that there is a real need for this information.

Ex: Far from being an innocuous social institution the public library is an arena where culture has been vigorously contested.

Ex: Exports of manufacturing goods to former communist countries have declined sharply, but exports to the European Community across an array of goods -- including heavy machinery -- have grown robustly.

Ex: France's national anthem was lustily jeered by the crowd at the opening of a France-Tunisia friendly match in Paris last night.

* defender enérgicamente = be vociferous about/in.

* demandar cada vez más enérgicamente = build + pressure.

* protestar enérgicamente = protest + forcefully.

* reprimir enérgicamente = crack down on.

* * *

enérgicamente

adverb

‹responder› firmly, vigorously

desmintieron enérgicamente la acusación they vigorously o strongly o strenuously o firmly denied the accusation

rechazaron enérgicamente la propuesta they firmly o flatly rejected the proposal

* * *

enérgicamente adv
[vigorosamente] vigorously

Spanish-English dictionary > enérgicamente
8 raz1

Ⅰ m (G razu) 1. (ilość wystąpień) time
- tylko raz only once

- zrobić coś raz/dwa razy/trzy razy to do sth once/twice/three times

- setki razy hundreds of times

- dwa razy większy/droższy twice as big/expensive

- trzy/dziesięć razy szybszy three/ten times as fast a. faster

- dwa razy więcej osób/czasu twice as many people/as much time

- sprzedał dom trzy razy drożej, niż kupił he sold the house for three times the price he paid for it

- półtora raza więcej wypadków niż rok temu one and a half times more accidents than last year

- podróż trwała kilka razy dłużej niż zwykle the journey lasted several times as long as usual

- sto a. tysiąc a. milion razy lepszy/większy przen. way better/bigger

- zrobiłbym to sto razy lepiej I’d do it way a. a hundred times better

- jest tysiąc razy przystojniejszy od brata he’s way more handsome than his brother

- choć a. chociaż raz chciałbym… just for once I’d like to…

- ile razy? how many times?

- ile razy mam powtarzać? how many times do I have to repeat myself?

- ile razy go widzę, zawsze wygląda na zadowolonego whenever I see him he looks happy, every time I see him he looks happy

- ileż to razy próbowałem go przekonać! how many times have I tried to convince him?

- to się zdarzyło już tyle razy, że… it already happened so many times that…

- pierwszy/drugi/ostatni raz a. po raz pierwszy/drugi/ostatni for the first/second/last time

- zawsze kiedyś jest ten pierwszy raz there’s always a first time

- kolejny raz a. po raz kolejny once again

- po raz ostatni widziałem go w… I last saw him in…

- kiedy z nim ostatni raz rozmawiałem… when I last talked to him…

- zrobiłem to po raz pierwszy i ostatni a. pierwszy i ostatni raz I did it for the first and (the) last time

- po raz setny a. nie wiem który for the umpteenth time pot.

- zrobić coś jeszcze raz a. raz jeszcze to do sth once more a. one more time

- nie raz (i nie dwa) more than once

- nie raz chodziliśmy tam razem we’ve been there together more than once

- raz czy dwa a. raz i drugi once or twice

- rozmawiałem z nim raz czy dwa I’ve talked to him once or twice

- ani razu not (even) once

- ani razu o niej nie wspomniał he never once mentioned her

- raz/dwa razy/trzy razy na godzinę once/twice/three times an hour

- raz na rok a. do roku once a year

- raz na sto lat once every one hundred years

- raz na dzień a. dziennie once a day

- raz na jakiś czas (every) once in a while

- coś takiego zdarza się tylko raz w życiu something like this happens only once in a lifetime

- raz na zawsze once and for all

- powiedziałem mu raz na zawsze, że… I told him once and for all that..

- było raz ciepło, raz zimno it was first warm and then cold

- wiodło im się raz lepiej, raz gorzej they had their ups and downs

- wiało raz z północy, to znowu z północnego wschodu the wind was changing from north to north-east

- raz po raz a. raz za razem (bez przerwy) over and over (again); (co jakiś czas) every now and then

- raz po raz spoglądał na zegarek every now and then he looked at his watch

- tym razem this time

- tym razem ci daruję I’ll let you off this time

- następnym razem a. na drugi raz next time

- następnym razem, kiedy go zobaczysz… next time you see him…

- poprzednim a. ostatnim razem the last time

- poprzednim razem, kiedy tu był… the last time he was here

- za pierwszym/drugim razem the first/second time round

- zdałem za trzecim razem I passed the test the third time round

- za każdym razem each a. every time

- trafiał za każdym razem he hit the target every time

- za każdym razem, kiedy go widzę… every time I see him…
2. (zdarzenie) case
- w takich razach in such cases

- w razie pożaru/wypadku in case of fire/accident

- w razie potrzeby if need be

- w razie, gdyby coś się stało/ktoś pytał in case something happens/somebody asks

- w razie czego if anything happens

- innym razem some other time

- pewnego a. jednego razu one day

- w każdym (bądź) razie in any case, anyway

- jest najlepszy, a w każdym razie tak uważa he’s the best, that’s what he thinks anyway

- w najgorszym/najlepszym razie at (the) worst/at best

- w przeciwnym razie otherwise

- w takim razie in that case

- w żadnym razie (nigdy) never; (pod żadnym pozorem) under no circumstances; (bynajmniej) by no means

- on w żadnym razie się nie zgodzi he will never agree

- proszę w żadnym razie z nimi nie rozmawiać you must not under any circumstances talk to them

- w żadnym razie nie uważam się za eksperta I don’t consider myself an expert by any means
Ⅱ num. one
- raz, dwa, trzy one, two, three
Ⅲ adv. 1. (kiedyś) once
- raz byłem świadkiem ich kłótni once I saw them arguing

- była sobie raz królewna once upon a time there was a princess
2. (wreszcie) at last
- chciałbym, żeby to się już raz skończyło! I’d like it to be over at last
3. (ostatecznie) once
- jak już raz coś obiecam, to dotrzymuję słowa once I promise something I always keep my word

- jak już raz zaczniesz… once you start…
4. (po pierwsze) first
- nie zrobiłem tego, raz, że nie miałem czasu a dwa, że mi się nie chciało I didn’t do it, for one thing because I had no time, and for another because I didn’t feel like it
Ⅳ razy conj. times
- jeden razy dwa one times two

- trzy razy pięć równa się piętnaście three times five is fifteen
Ⅴ na razie adv. (w tej chwili) at the moment, for the time being; (do tej pory) so far
- (jak) na razie nie ma niebezpieczeństwa there’s no danger at the moment

- „jak idzie?” – „na razie dobrze” ‘how is it going?’ – ‘so far, so good’

- na razie! (pożegnanie) see you later!

- no to na razie, chłopaki! see you, guys!
Ⅵ od razu adv. at once, right away
- od razu go poznał he recognized him right away

- od razu wiedziałem, że tak będzie I always knew it would be like that

■ zrobić coś raz, dwa a. raz-raz to do sth in no time

- raz się żyje! you only live once

- jak raz zadzwonił telefon pot. at that very moment the telephone rang

- w sam raz dla kogoś perfect for sb

- praca w sam raz dla informatyka the right kind of a. a perfect job for a computer expert

- spodnie były w sam raz the trousers fitted perfectly

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > raz1
9 coś

Ⅰ pron. 1. (rzecz nieokreślona) something; (w pytaniach) anything
- mieć coś do zrobienia/czytania to have something to do/read

- coś go rozśmieszyło something made him laugh

- czy w tym pudełku coś jest? does this box contain anything?

- weźcie coś do pisania take something to write with

- masz coś do pisania? have you got something to write with?

- mam ci coś do powiedzenia I’ve got something to tell you

- bał się czegoś he was afraid of something

- czegoś tu nie rozumiem there’s something I don’t understand here

- jak będziesz czegoś a. cośpot. chciał, to krzyknij if you want anything, give me a shout

- bunt przeciwko czemuś, co jest nieuniknione rebellion against something that’s inevitable

- walnął czymś w ścianę he banged on the wall with something

- coś ciekawego/nowego something interesting/new

- marzę o czymś zimnym I’m dying for something cool pot.

- w niej jest coś dziwnego there’s something odd about her

- coś innego something else

- to znaczy coś innego this means something else

- coś innego niż… something other than…

- idzie o coś innego niż wybór nowego prezydenta it’s more than just the question of electing a new president

- coś podobne do czegoś a. w rodzaju czegoś something like sth, a kind of sth

- coś w rodzaju kanapy/rewolucji something like a sofa/revolution, a kind of sofa/revolution

- (lub) coś w tym rodzaju a. coś podobnego (or) something of the kind, (or) something like that

- coś jak a. jakby a. jak gdyby something like

- to coś jak gdyby tragedia grecka it’s something like a Greek tragedy

- poczuł coś jakby smutek pot. he felt a kind of sadness

- takie coś pot. (rzecz trudna do nazwania) thing; thingy pot.

- takie coś do otwierania butelek this thingy for opening bottles
2. (rzecz istotna) something
- ona ma w sobie coś she’s got a certain something

- w tym, co on mówi, coś jest a. musi być there’s something in what he says, there must be something in it

- to było coś! that was (really) something!

- to o czymś świadczy that proves a. shows something

- żeby do czegoś dojść, trzeba ciężko pracować you have to work hard to achieve anything
3. (z liczbami) something
- coś około 100 kilogramów somewhere around a hundred kilos

- coś ponad/poniżej 200 złotych something over/under 200 zlotys

- dwadzieścia kilometrów/sto lat z czymś something over twenty kilometres/a hundred years, twenty something kilometres/a hundred and something years

- 1000 złotych lub coś koło tego a thousand zlotys or thereabouts GB thereabout US
Ⅱ part. pot. coś małe to mieszkanie it’s a bit on the small side, this flat
- ostatnio coś wychudł he’s grown somewhat thin lately

- coś mi dzisiaj praca nie idzie I can’t get down to work today somehow

- coś długo jej nie widać she’s taking her time coming

- coś mi się widzi, że… something tells me that…
Ⅲ czegoś part. pot. (bez powodu) for some reason, somehow
- jest zawsze czegoś zły somehow he’s always angry

- ona czegoś im się nie spodobała they didn’t like her for some reason
Ⅳ czemuś part. pot. (z nieznanych powodów) somehow, for some reason
- ona czemuś nas ostatnio unika for some reason she’s been avoiding us lately

■ coś niecoś a little, a bit

- coś niecoś wiem na ten temat I know a thing or two about that

- coś takiego a. podobnego! well, I never! pot., you don’t say! pot.

- coś ty! pot. (zaskoczenie) you’re kidding! pot; (oburzenie) don’t be ridiculous!

- …czy coś pot. …or something pot.

- podobno były na niego jakieś naciski czy coś apparently they put pressure on him or something

* * *

pron

( w zdaniach twierdzących) something; ( w zdaniach pytajnych) anything

coś innego — something else

coś do picia/jedzenia — something to drink/eat

coś do pisania — something to write with

* * *

coś

pron.

co- decl. zob. co, -ś indecl. ( zastępuje rzeczownik) ( w zdaniach twierdzących) something; ( w zdaniach przeczących) anything; daj mi coś give me something; coś innego something else; coś do jedzenia something to eat; coś do pisania something to write with; coś w tym jest there's something to it; coś podobnego! incredible!, is that so?; coś ci powiem I'll tell you what; dojść do czegoś (= dotrzeć do jakiegoś miejsca) reach sth; (= osiągnąć pieniądze, sławę, prestiż itp.) attain wealth, fame and prestige; ona ma coś w sobie there's something about her; mieć coś do kogoś have a problem with sb; coś komuś leży na sercu l. wątrobie sb has got a problem with sth; coś tu jest nie tak there's something wrong here, something is not quite right here; coś ty? you've got to be kidding.

part.

something, somewhat, somehow; coś mi tu nie pasuje there's something wrong here, something is not quite right here, there seems to be something wrong here.

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > coś
10 licz|yć

impf Ⅰ vt 1. (rachować) to count
- liczyć na kalkulatorze to add up with a. on a calculator

- liczyła przychody na kalkulatorze she added up the takings on a calculator

- liczyć (coś) na palcach to count (sth) on one’s fingers

- liczyć w pamięci to count in one’s head, to do mental arithmetic ⇒ policzyć
2. (dodawać) to count [pieniądze, uczniów, kalorie]
- liczyć obecnych to count the people a. those present, to do a headcount

- liczyć głosy/wpływy to count (up) the votes/the takings ⇒ policzyć
3. (mierzyć) to calculate, to work out [czas, odległość] (w czymś in sth)
- zużycie benzyny liczone w milach z galona/litrach na 100 km petrol consumption computed in miles per gallon/litres per 100 kilometres

- już liczę godziny do jego przyjścia I’m already counting the hours until he comes, I’m already counting the hours till his arrival

- liczył czas, jaki pozostał do wyborów he was counting down to the elections ⇒ obliczyć
4. (wliczać) to count
- licząc od jutra counting from tomorrow

- nie licząc not counting, not including

- było nas dwadzieścia osób, nie licząc dzieci there were twenty of us, not counting the children
5. Sport to count out [boksera] ⇒ wyliczyć Ⅱ vi 1. (wymieniać liczby w kolejności) to count
- liczyć od tyłu to count backwards, to count down in reverse order

- liczyć od 1 do 10 to count from 1 to 10

- mój syn umie liczyć do stu my son can count (up) to a hundred

- on nie umie jeszcze liczyć he can’t a. hasn’t learnt to count yet

- liczyć na głos to count out loud ⇒ policzyć
2. (składać się) to have
- dom liczy sześć pięter the house has six storeys a. is six storeys high

- miasto liczy sześć tysięcy mieszkańców the city has six thousand inhabitants

- budynek liczy sobie ponad sto lat the building is over a hundred years old

- grupa liczyła 20 osób there were twenty people in the group

- akta sprawy liczyły 240 tomów the case documentation amounted to 240 volumes
3. (żądać zapłaty) to charge
- liczył 30 złotych za godzinę/za kilogram he charged 30 zlotys an hour/for a a. per kilogram

- liczą sobie dużo za usługi they charge high prices a. a lot for their services ⇒ policzyć
4. (spodziewać się) to count
- liczyć na kogoś/na coś to count a. rely a. depend on sb/sth

- liczyć na szczęście to count on one’s luck

- liczył, że wkrótce wróci do zdrowia he was hoping to get well soon

- liczę, że nie będzie padać I’m counting on it not raining

- nie liczyłem, że przyjdzie I wasn’t counting on him coming, I didn’t reckon he would come

- liczyć na czyjeś wsparcie to count on sb’s support

- czy mogę liczyć na twoją pomoc/dyskrecję? can I count on your help/discretion?, can I count on you to help me/to be discreet?

- możesz liczyć na serdeczne przyjęcie you can be sure of a warm welcome

- możesz na mnie liczyć you can rely a. count on me

- nie można na niego liczyć he can’t be relied on, you can’t count on him

- nie liczyłbym na to I wouldn’t count a. bank on it

- mogę liczyć tylko na siebie I can only rely on myself
Ⅲ liczyć się 1. (być liczonym) to count, to be counted
- liczyć się podwójnie to count double

- urlop liczy mi się od środy my leave runs from Wednesday

- okres bez pracy nie liczy ci się do emerytury periods of unemployment won’t count towards your pension
2. (mieć znaczenie) to matter
- liczące się firmy major companies

- nasza drużyna liczyła się na mistrzostwach świata our team was a force to be reckoned with in the world championships

- ten błąd się nie liczy this mistake doesn’t count a. matter

- liczy się jakość quality is what counts

- liczy się każda minuta every minute counts

- liczy się to, że pamiętałeś o moich urodzinach what matters a. counts is that you’ve remembered my birthday

- liczą się czyny, nie słowa it’s not words but deeds that count
3. (brać pod uwagę) to take into account
- musisz liczyć się z tym, że będzie padać you have to take into account that it may rain

- nie liczyć się z czyimś zdaniem to ignore sb’s opinion

- nie liczyć się z innymi to show no consideration for others, to be inconsiderate towards others

■ lekko licząc at a conservative estimate

- z grubsza licząc at a rough estimate, roughly speaking

- liczyć (się) na setki, miliony to run into hundreds, millions

- ofiary można liczyć na tysiące the casualties run into thousands

- liczba palących w tym kraju liczy się już na miliony the number of smokers in this country already runs into millions

- liczyć się z (każdym) groszem a. z pieniędzmi to count a. watch every penny

- nigdy nie liczył się z pieniędzmi he’s never been one to worry about money, he’s always been careless with money

- liczyć się z czasem to make every second count

- liczyć się ze słowami to keep a civil tongue

- licz się ze słowami! watch your tongue!, mind what you’re saying!

- liczyć sobie dziesięć lat to be ten years of age a. old

- liczyła sobie nie więcej niż dwadzieścia lat she was no more than twenty (years old)

- liczyć sobie pół metra (wysokości/wzrostu/długości) to be half a metre high/tall/long

- ryba liczyła sobie ze 20 centymetrów the fish was about 20 cm long a. in length

- liczyć sobie 10 kg to weigh 10 kilograms

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > licz|yć
11 _час; своєчасність

after death the doctor all in good time better late than never better three hours too soon than a minute too late catch time by the forelock; he is bald behind don't count your chickens before they are hatched don't cross the bridges before you come to them early sow, early mow the early bird catches the worm every flow has its ebb everything is good in its season first catch your hare, then cook him first come, first served the first hundred years are the hardest he gives twice who gives quickly the golden age never was the present age an hour in the morning is worth two in the evening an inch of time is an inch of gold in the end things will mend it is a long lane that has no turning it is never too late to mend it is too late to shut the stable door when the horse is stolen lost time is never found the morning sun never lasts a day never put off till tomorrow what you can do today noiseless falls the foot of time nothing is more precious than time, yet nothing is less valued one cannot put back the clock other times, other manners place for everything and everything in its place praise a fair day at night procrastination is the thief of time punctuality is the politeness of princes punctuality is the soul of business a stitch in time saves nine strike while the iron is hot sudden power is apt to be insolent, sudden liberty saucy; that behaves best which has grown gradually there is a time and place for everything there is no crying over spilt milk times change and we with time time is a great healer time is money time will tell a watched pot never boils we mustn't waste time, for that's the stuff life's made of while the grass grows the horse starves

English-Ukrainian dictionary of proverbs > _час; своєчасність
12 Age

Note that where English says to be X years old, French says avoir X ans (to have X years).

How old?

how old are you?

= quel âge as-tu?

what age is she?

= quel âge a-t-elle?

The word ans (years) is never dropped:

he is forty years old

or he is forty

or he is forty years of age

= il a quarante ans

she’s eighty

= elle a quatre-vingts ans

the house is a hundred years old

= la maison a cent ans

a man of fifty

= un homme de cinquante ans

a child of eight and a half

= un enfant de huit ans et demi

I feel sixteen

= j’ai l’impression d’avoir seize ans

he looks sixteen

= on lui donnerait seize ans

Note the use of de after âgé and à l’âge:

a woman aged thirty

= une femme âgée de trente ans

at the age of forty

= à l’âge de quarante ans

Mrs Smith, aged forty

or Mrs Smith (40)

= Mme Smith, âgée de quarante ans

Do not confuse que and de used with plus and moins:

I’m older than you

= je suis plus âgé que toi

she’s younger than him

= elle est plus jeune que lui

Anne’s two years younger

= Anne a deux ans de moins

Margot’s older than Suzanne by five years

= Margot a cinq ans de plus que Suzanne

Robert’s younger than Thomas by six years

= Robert a six ans de moins que Thomas

X-year-old

a forty-year-old

= quelqu’un de quarante ans

a sixty-year-old woman

= une femme de soixante ans

an eighty-year-old pensioner

= un retraité de quatre-vingts ans

they’ve got an eight-year-old

= ils ont un enfant de huit ans

and a five-year-old

= et un autre de cinq ans

Approximate ages

Note the various ways of saying these in French:

he is about fifty

= il a environ cinquante ans

or il a une cinquantaine d’années

or (less formally) il a dans les cinquante ans

(Other round numbers in -aine used to express age are dizaine (10), vingtaine (20), trentaine (30), quarantaine (40), soixantaine (60) and centaine (100).)

she’s just over sixty

= elle vient d’avoir soixante ans

she’s just under seventy

= elle aura bientôt soixante-dix ans

she’s in her sixties

= elle a entre soixante et soixante-dix ans

she’s in her early sixties

= elle a entre soixante et soixante-cinq ans

she’s in her late sixties

= elle va avoir soixante-dix ans

or (less formally) elle va sur ses soixante-dix ans

she must be seventy

= elle doit avoir soixante-dix ans

he’s in his mid forties

= il a entre quarante et cinquante ans

or (less formally) il a dans les quarante-cinq ans

he’s just ten

= il a tout juste dix ans

he’s barely twelve

= il a à peine douze ans

games for the under twelves

= jeux pour les moins de douze ans

only for the over eighties

= seulement pour les plus de quatre-vingts ans

Big English-French dictionary > Age
13 in

(in(to) usually small pieces: The broken mirror lay in bits on the floor; He loves taking his car to bits.) (hecho) añicos/pedazos

in prep

1. en

we eat in the kitchen comemos en la cocina

he swam in the lake nadó en el lago

she lives in a flat vive en un piso

is Mary in? ¿está Mary en casa?

Christmas is in December la Navidad se celebra en diciembre

the battle of Hastings was in 1066 la batalla de Hastings tuvo lugar en 1066

2. por

in the morning por la mañana

in the afternoon por la tarde

3. en / dentro de

I finished the book in two days acabé el libro en dos días

he'll be here in a couple of hours estará aquí dentro de un par de horas

in all en total

it will cost you £50 in all te costará 50 libras en totalin se traduce por otras preposiciones españolas según cada caso

he was sitting in the sun estaba sentado al sol

it happened in the night pasó durante la noche

he speaks in a loud voice habla en voz alta

he sings this song in French esta canción la canta en francés

the woman in blue la mujer de azul

it was written in pencil estaba escrito a lápiz

in

tr[ɪn]

preposition

1 (place) en, dentro de

■ it's in the box está en la caja

■ we live in Spain vivimos en España

■ the children are in bed los niños están en la cama

■ she's in hospital está en el hospital

■ wait in the car espera en el coche

■ who's in the film? ¿quién sale en la película?

2 (motion) en, a

■ put it in your pocket mételo en el bolsillo

■ we arrived in Bonn llegamos a Bonn

■ he went in the shop entró en la tienda

■ she dived in the water se tiró al agua

■ you're going in the wrong direction vas mal encaminado, vas en dirección equivocada

3 (time - during) en, durante

■ in May en mayo

■ in the morning por la mañana

■ in 1980 en 1980

■ in summer en verano

■ she learnt to ski in a week aprendió a esquiar en una semana

■ we haven't heard from them for months hace meses que no sabemos nada de ellos

4 (time - within) en, dentro de

■ we'll be back in 20 minutes volveremos dentro de 20 minutos

■ ring me back in half an hour vuelve a llamarme en media hora

5 (wearing) en, vestido,-a de

■ the woman in black la mujer vestida de negro

■ he's in uniform está de uniforme

■ the one in the hat el del sombrero

■ you look good in red el rojo te sienta bien

6 (manner) en

■ in public en público

■ in writing por escrito

■ written in pencil escrito en lápiz

■ in French en francés

■ pay in cash paga en metálico, paga en efectivo

■ in Swiss francs en francos suizos

■ in a loud voice en voz alta

■ this title is no longer in print este título ya no se edita

■ chicken in wine pollo al vino

7 (state, condition) en

■ everything's in order todo está en orden

■ they're in love están enamorados

■ in shock en estado de shock

■ in danger en peligro

■ I'm in pain sufro

■ she's in a good/bad mood está de buen/mal humor

■ I'm in a hurry tengo prisa

8 (ratio, measurement, number) varias traducciones

■ in twos de dos en dos

■ cut it in two córtalo por la mitad

■ one in ten people una de cada diez personas

■ you have a one in twenty chance tienes una posibilidad entre veinte

■ they arrived in hundreds llegaron por cientos

■ she's in her thirties tiene treinta y tantos años

9 (form, shape) varias traducciones

■ in rows en filas

■ in a queue en una cola

■ wear one's hair in a bun llevar el pelo recogido en un moño

■ they were sitting in a circle estaban sentados en círculo

10 (profession) en

■ she's in television trabaja en la televisión

■ he's in business se dedica a los negocios

■ they're in the army son militares

11 (weather, light) varias traducciones

■ walking in the rain caminando bajo la lluvia

■ sit in the sun/shade siéntate al sol/a la sombra

■ in the dark en la oscuridad

■ I can't work in this heat no puedo trabajar con este calor

12 (regarding) varias traducciones

■ low in calories bajo,-a en calorías

■ deaf in one ear sordo,-a de un oído

■ a change in direction un cambio de dirección

■ it measures six feet in length mide dos metros de largo

13 (after superlative) de

■ the best player in the world el mejor jugador del mundo

■ the tallest in the class el más alto de la clase

14 (with pres part) al, cuando

■ I made a mistake in doing that al hacer eso cometí un error

adverb

1 (motion) dentro

■ throw it in there tíralo allí dentro

■ come in! ¡adelante!, ¡pase!

■ let me in! ¡déjame entrar!

2 (transport)

■ the train's in el tren ha llegado

■ what time does the plane get in? ¿a qué hora aterriza el avión?

3 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (ball, shuttlecock)

■ the ball was in! ¡la pelota entró!, ¡la pelota fue buena!

4 (tide) alto,-a

5 (fashionable) de moda

■ hats are in los sombreros están de moda

6 (in power) en el poder

■ the Tories got in los conservadores ganaron las elecciones

7 (letters etc)

■ applications must be in by Friday las solicitudes deben recibirse antes del viernes

8 (on sale, obtainable) disponible

■ have you got that book in? ¿tienes aquel libro?, ¿ha llegado aquel libro?

■ it hasn't come in yet aún no me ha llegado

9 (crops) recogido,-a

adjective

1 (fashionable) de moda

■ it's the in bar es el bar de moda

■ platform shoes are the in thing los zapatos con plataforma están de moda

■ the in crowd la gente de moda

2 (private) particular

■ an in joke un chiste particular

plural noun ins and outs

1 (details) detalles nombre masculino plural, pormenores nombre masculino plural

phrase to be in

1 (at home) estar en casa; (at work) estar

■ you're never in nunca estás en casa

■ is Jack in? ¿está Jack?

■ the manager won't be in until this afternoon el jefe no estará hasta este tarde

■ she's not in yet aún no ha llegado

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be all in estar agotado,-a, estar rendido,-a

to be in for something (be about to experience) estar a punto de recibir algo, estar a punto de tener algo

■ she's in for a surprise le espera una sorpresa

■ we're in for some rain vamos a tener lluvia

■ you're in for it! ¡la que te espera!

■ are you in for this game? ¿vas a jugar?

to be in on something estar enterado,-a de algo, estar al tanto de algo

■ were you in on it too? ¿también estabas enterado?

to be (well) in with somebody llevarse (muy) bien con alguien, tener (mucha) confianza con alguien

to have it in for somebody tenerla tomada con alguien

what's in it for me? ¿y yo qué saco?, ¿y yo qué gano?

————————

in

tr[ɪnʧ]

abbreviation

1 ( inch) pulgada

in ['ɪn] adv

1) inside: dentro, adentro

let's go in: vamos adentro

2) harvested: recogido

the crops are in: las cosechas ya están recogidas

3)

to be in : estar

is Linda in?: ¿está Linda?

4)

to be in : estar en poder

the Democrats are in: los demócratas están en el poder

5)

to be in for : ser objeto de, estar a punto de

they're in for a treat: los van a agasajar

he's in for a surprise: se va a llevar una sorpresa

6)

to be in on : participar en, tomar parte en

in adj

1) inside: interior

the in part: la parte interior

2) fashionable: de moda

in prep

1) (indicating location or position)

in the lake: en el lago

a pain in the leg: un dolor en la pierna

in the sun: al sol

in the rain: bajo la lluvia

the best restaurant in Buenos Aires: el mejor restaurante de Buenos Aires

2) into: en, a

he broke it in pieces: lo rompió en pedazos

she went in the house: se metió a la casa

3) during: por, durante

in the afternoon: por la tarde

4) within: dentro de

I'll be back in a week: vuelvo dentro de una semana

5) (indicating manner) : en, con, de

in Spanish: en español

written in pencil: escrito con lápiz

in this way: de esta manera

6) (indicating states or circumstances)

to be in luck: tener suerte

to be in love: estar enamorado

to be in a hurry: tener prisa

7) (indicating purpose) : en

in reply: en respuesta, como réplica

in

adj.

• interior adj.

adv.

• adentro adv.

• dentro adv.

• en casa adv.

prep.

• a prep.

• de prep.

• dentro de prep.

• en prep.

• por prep.

= Indiana

[ɪn]
1. PREPOSITION
When in is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg ask in, fill in, look in, etc, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg in the country, in ink, in danger, covered in, look up the other word.
1) (in expressions of place) en; (=inside) dentro de

it's in London/Scotland/Galicia — está en Londres/Escocia/Galicia

in the garden — en el jardín

in the house — en casa; (=inside) dentro de la casa

our bags were stolen, and our passports were in them — nos robaron los bolsos, y nuestros pasaportes iban dentro
When phrases like, are used to identify a particular group, is the usual translation:
our colleagues in Madrid — nuestros colegas de Madrid

the chairs in the room — las sillas de la habitación, las sillas que hay en la habitación or dentro de la habitación

• in here/ there — aquí/allí dentro

it's hot in here — aquí dentro hace calor

2) (in expressions of time)

a) (=during) en

in 1986 — en 1986

in May/spring — en mayo/primavera

in the eighties/the 20th century — en los años ochenta/el siglo 20

in the morning(s)/evening(s) — por la mañana/la tarde

at four o'clock in the morning/afternoon — a las cuatro de la mañana/la tarde

b) (=for)

she hasn't been here in years — hace años que no viene

c) (=in the space of) en

I did it in 3 hours/days — lo hice en 3 horas/días

it was built in a week — fue construido en una semana

d) (=within) dentro de

I'll see you in three weeks' time or in three weeks — te veré dentro de tres semanas

he'll be back in a moment/a month — volverá dentro de un momento/un mes

3) (indicating manner, medium) en

in a loud/soft voice — en voz alta/baja

in Spanish/English — en español/inglés

to pay in dollars — pagar en dólares

it was underlined in red — estaba subrayado en rojo

a magnificent sculpture in marble and copper — una magnífica escultura de or en mármol y cobre

4) (=clothed in)

she opened the door in her dressing gown — abrió la puerta en bata

they were all in shorts — todos iban en or llevaban pantalón corto

he went out in his new raincoat — salió con el impermeable nuevo

you look nice in that dress — ese vestido te sienta bien
When phrases like, are used to identify a particular person, is the usual translation:
the man in the hat — el hombre del sombrero

the boy in the checked trousers — el chico de los pantalones de cuadros

the girl in green — la chica vestida de verde
dressed
5) (giving ratio, number)

one person in ten — una persona de cada diez

one in five pupils — uno de cada cinco alumnos

he had only a one in fifty chance of survival — solo tenía una posibilidad entre cincuenta de sobrevivir

what happened was a chance in a million — había una posibilidad entre un millón de que pasara lo que pasó

20 pence in the pound — veinte peniques por (cada) libra

once in a hundred years — una vez cada cien años

in twos — de dos en dos

these jugs are produced in their millions — estas jarras se fabrican por millones, se fabrican millones de estas jarras

people came in their hundreds — acudieron cientos de personas, la gente acudió a centenares

6) (=among) entre

this is common in children/cats — es cosa común entre los niños/los gatos

you find this instinct in animals — este instinto se encuentra en or entre los animales, los animales poseen este instinto

in (the works of) Shakespeare — en las obras de Shakespeare

7) (talking about people)

she has it in her to succeed — tiene la capacidad de triunfar

it's not in him to do that — no es capaz de hacer eso

I couldn't find it in me to forgive him — no salía de mí perdonarle

they have a good leader in him — él es buen líder para ellos, en él tienen un buen líder

a condition rare in a child of that age — una dolencia extraña en or para un niño de esa edad

it's something I admire in her — es algo que admiro de or en ella

he had all the qualities I was looking for in a partner — tenía todas las cualidades que yo buscaba en un compañero

8) (in profession etc)

to be in teaching — dedicarse a la enseñanza

to be in publishing — trabajar el en mundo editorial

he's in the motor trade — es vendedor de coches

he's in the tyre business — se dedica al comercio de neumáticos
army
9) (after superlative) de

the biggest/smallest in Europe — el más grande/pequeño de Europa

10) (with verb)

in saying this — al decir esto

in making a fortune he lost his wife — mientras hacía fortuna, perdió su mujer

11) (in set expressions)
in all en total in itself de por sí in that (=since) puesto que, ya que
the new treatment is preferable in that... — es preferible el nuevo tratamiento puesto or ya que...

in that, he resembles his father — en eso se parece a su padre
what's in it for me
I want to know what's in it for me — quiero saber qué gano yo con eso
far 1., 1)
2. ADVERB

1) to be in (=be at home) estar (en casa); (=be at work) estar; (=be gathered in) [crops, harvest] estar recogido; (=be at destination) [train, ship, plane] haber llegado; (=be alight) estar encendido, arder; (Sport) [ball, shuttlecock] entrar

he wasn't in — no estaba (en casa)

there's nobody in — no hay nadie

is Mr Eccles in? — ¿está el Sr. Eccles?

the boss isn't in yet — el jefe no ha llegado aún

he's in for tests — (in hospital) está ingresado para unas pruebas

he's in for larceny — (in prison) está encerrado por ladrón

he's in for 5 years — cumple una condena de 5 años

what's he in for? — ¿de qué delito se le acusa?

when the Tories were in * — (in power) cuando los conservadores estaban en el poder

the screw was not in properly — el tornillo no estaba bien metido

the essays have to be in by Friday — hay que entregar los trabajos para el viernes

strawberries are in — es la temporada de las fresas, las fresas están en sazón

the fire is still in — el fuego sigue encendido or aún arde

- my luck is in
to be in and out
to be in and out of work — no tener trabajo fijo

don't worry, you'll be in and out in no time — no te preocupes, saldrás enseguida
to be in for sth
he's in for a surprise * — le espera una sorpresa

we're in for a hard time — vamos a pasar un mal rato

we may be in for some snow — puede que nieve

you don't know what you're in for! — ¡no sabes lo que te espera!

he's in for it — lo va a pagar

to be in for a competition — (=be entered) haberse inscrito en un concurso

to be in for an exam — presentarse a un examen to be in on sth (=be aware, involved)

• to be in on the plan/secret * — estar al tanto del plan/del secreto

are you in on it? — ¿estás tú metido en ello? to be well in with sb (=be friendly)

to be well in with sb * — llevarse muy bien con algn

2) (with other verbs)

she opened the door and they all rushed in — abrió la puerta y todos entraron or se metieron corriendo

she opened her bag and put the ticket in — abrió el bolso y metió el billete

3) (with time words)

• day in, day out — día tras día

week in, week out — semana tras semana

4) (Sport)

in! — ¡entró!

3. ADJECTIVE
*
1) (=fashionable) de moda

to be in — estar de moda, llevarse

short skirts were in — la falda corta estaba de moda, se llevaban las faldas cortas

it's the in thing — es lo que se lleva

it's the in place to eat — es el restaurante que está de moda

she wore a very in dress — llevaba un vestido muy a la moda or de lo más moderno

2) (=exclusive)

it's an in joke — es un chiste privado, es un chiste que tienen entre ellos/tenemos entre nosotros

if you're not in with the in crowd... — si no estás entre los elegidos...

4. NOUN

1)

the ins and outs of: the ins and outs of the problem — los pormenores del problema

the ins and outs of high finance — los entresijos de las altas finanzas

dietary experts can advise on the ins and outs of dieting — los expertos en alimentación pueden dar información pormenorizada sobre las dietas

2) (US)
(Pol)
the ins * — el partido del gobierno

* * *

= Indiana

English-spanish dictionary > in
14 DANZ

mod. dans, n. a word of for. origin; [cp. mid. Lat. dansare; Fr. danser; Ital. danzare; Engl. dance; Germ. tanz, tanzen.] This word is certainly not Teutonic, but of Roman or perhaps Breton origin: the Icel. or Scandin. have no genuine word for dancing,—leika means ‘to play’ in general: the word itself (danza, danz, etc.) never occurs in the old Sagas or poetry, though popular amusements of every kind are described there; but about the end of the 11th century, when the Sagas of the bishops (Bs.) begin, we find dance in full use, accompanied by songs which are described as loose and amorous: the classical passage is Jóns S. (A. D. 1106–1121), ch. 13. Bs. i. 165, 166, and cp. Júns S. by Gunnlaug, ch. 24. Bs. i. 237—Leikr sá var kær mönnum áðr en hinn heilagi Jón varð biskup, at kveða skyldi karlmaðr til konu í danz blautlig kvæði ok rægilig; ok kona til karlmanns mansöngs vísur; þenna leik lét hann af taka ok bannaði styrkliga; mansöngs kvæði vildi hann eigi heyra né kveða láta, en þó fékk hann því eigi af komið með öllu. Some have thought that this refers to mythical (Eddic) poetry, but without reason and against the literal sense of the passage; the heathen heroic poems were certainly never used to accompany a dance; their flow and metre are a sufficient proof of that. In the Sturl. (Hist. of the 12th and 13th century) dancing is mentioned over and over again; and danz is used of popular ballads or songs of a satirical character (as those in Percy’s ballads): flimt ( loose song) and danz are synonymous words; the Sturl. has by chance preserved two ditties (one of A. D. 1221, running thus—Loptr liggr í Eyjum, bítr lunda bein | Sæmundr er á heiðum, etr berin ein. Sturl. ii. 62, and one referring to the year 1264—Mínar eru sorgirnar þungar sem blý, Sturl. iii. 317) sufficient to shew the flow and metre, which are exactly the same as those of the mod. ballads, collected in the west of Icel. (Ögr) in the 17th century under the name of Fornkvæði, Old Songs, and now edited by Jon Sigurdsson and Svend Grundtvig. Danz and Fornkvæði are both of the same kind, and also identical with Engl. ballads, Dan. kæmpeviser. There are passages in Sturl. and B.S. referring to this subject — færðu Breiðbælingar Lopt í flimtun ok görðu um hann danza marga, ok margskonar spott annat, Sturl. ii. 57, cp. 62; Danza-Bergr, the nickname of a man (Stud, ii), prob. for composing comic songs; danza-görð, composing comic songs; fylgðar-menn Kolbeins fóru með danza-görð, … en er Brandr varð varr við flimtan þeirra, iii. 80; þá hrökti Þórðr hestinn undir sér, ok kvað danz þenna við raust, 317.

β. a wake, Arna S. ch. 2; in Sturl. i. 23; at the banquet in Reykhólar, 1119, the guests amused themselves by dancing, wrestling, and story-telling; þá var sleginn danz í stofu, ii. 117; í Viðvík var gleði mikil ok gott at vera; þat var einn Drottins dag at þar var danz mikill; kom þar til fjöldi manna; ok ríðr hann í Viðvík til danz, ok var þar at leik; ok dáðu menn mjök danz hans, iii. 258, 259; honum var kostr á boðinn hvat til gamans skyldi hafa, sögur eða danz um kveldit, 281;—the last reference refers to the 21st of January, 1258, which fell on a Sunday (or wake-day): in ballads and tales of the Middle Ages the word is freq.:—note the allit. phrase, dansinn dunar, Ísl. Þóðs. ii. 8: the phrases, stiga danz; ganga í danz; brúðir í danz, dansinn heyra; dans vill hun heyra, Fkv. ii. 7. Many of the burdens to the mod. Icel. ballads are of great beauty, and no doubt many centuries older than the ballads to which they are affixed; they refer to lost love, melancholy, merriment, etc., e. g. Blítt lætur veröldin, fölnar fögr fold | langt er síðan mitt var yndið lagt í mold, i. 74; Út ert þú við æginn blá, eg er hér á Dröngum, | kalla eg löngum, kalla eg til þin löngum; Skín á skildi Sól og sumarið fríða, | dynur í velli er drengir í burtu riða, 110; Ungan leit eg hofmann í fögrum runni, | skal eg í hljóði dilla þeim mér unm; Austan blakar laufið á þann linda, 129; Fagrar heyrða eg raddirnar við Niflunga heim; Fagrt syngr svanrinn um sumarlanga tíð, | þá mun list að leika sér mín liljan fríð, ii. 52: Einum unna eg manninum, á meðan það var, | þó hlaut eg minn harm að bera í leyndum stað, 94; Svanrinn víða. svanurinn syngr viða, 22; Utan eptir firðinum, sigla fagrar fleyr | sá er enginn glaður eptir annan þreyr, 110; Svo er mér illt og angrsamt því veldur þú, | mig langar ekki í lundinn með þá jungfrú, Espol. Ann. 1549. The earliest ballads seem to have been devoted to these subjects only; of the two earliest specimens quoted in the Sturl. (above), one is satirical, the other melancholy; the historical ballads seem to be of later growth: the bishops discountenanced the wakes and dancing (Bs. l. c., Sturl. iii), but in vain: and no more telling proof can be given of the drooping spirits of Icel. in the last century, than that dancing and wakes ceased, after having been a popular amusement for seven hundred years. Eggert Olafsson in his poems still speaks of wakes, as an eyewitness; in the west of Icel. (Vestfirðir) they lasted longer, but even there they died out about the time that Percy’s ballads were published in England. The Fornkvæði or songs are the only Icel. poetry which often dispenses with the law of alliteration, which in other cases is the light and life of Icel. poetry; vide also hofmaðr, viki-vakar, etc. In the 15th century the rímur (metrical paraphrases of romances) were used as an accompaniment to the danz, höldar danza harla snart, ef heyrist vísan mín; hence originates the name man-söngr ( maid-song), minne-sang, which forms the introduction to every ríma or rhapsody; the metre and time of the rímur are exactly those of ballads and well suited for dancing. An Icel. MS. of the 17th century, containing about seventy Icel. Fornkvæði, is in the Brit. Mus. no. 11,177; and another MS., containing about twenty such songs, is in the Bodl. Libr. no. 130.

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > DANZ
15 reggere

1. v/t ( sostenere) support

( tenere in mano) hold

( sopportare) bear

grammar take

2. v/i di tempo last

di ragionamento stand up

fig non reggo più I can't take any more

* * *

reggere v.tr.

1 ( sostenere, sorreggere) to bear*, to support, to carry, to hold*: l'arco è retto da due pilastri, the arch is supported by two pillars; quattro pilastri reggono il tetto, four pillars hold up (o support) the roof; questa mensola non può reggere tanti libri, this shelf won't hold so many books; quella corda non lo reggerà, that rope will not hold him; questa carriola non regge più di così, this wheelbarrow cannot carry more than that; le gambe non mi reggono più, my legs cannot carry me any longer; lo reggeva per il braccio, she was holding him up by the arm; reggere un bimbo fra le braccia, to hold a child in one's arms; reggimi il bastone, il cappello, hold my stick, my hat; reggere un peso, to bear a weight // il partito al potere è retto dalla stampa, the party in power is sustained (o supported) by the press // reggere il moccolo, la candela, (fig., fam.) to play gooseberry

2 (fig.) ( sopportare) to stand*: si è licenziato perché non reggeva il ritmo di lavoro, he gave up the job because he couldn't stand the pace of the work (o couldn't keep pace with the work); quando fa così non lo reggo proprio, I really can't stand (o bear) him when he acts like that; reggere la prova, to stand the test; reggere la spesa, to stand the expense // non reggo bene il vino, I can't take much wine

3 ( governare) to rule (over): reggere un impero, to rule over an empire; reggere un paese, to rule a country // reggere il governo, to hold government

4 ( dirigere) to manage; to run*: reggere un'azienda, to manage (o to run) a firm; reggere una scuola, to run a school

5 (gramm.) to govern, to take*: preposizione che regge l'accusativo, preposition which governs (o takes) the accusative; un verbo che regge l'infinito, a verb which must be followed by (o which takes o which governs) the infinitive

◆ v. intr.

1 ( resistere) to hold* (out): il nemico non reggerà a lungo, the enemy will not hold out long; questa corda, questo ramo non regge, this rope, this branch will break; questo edificio reggerà almeno cent'anni, this building will stand a hundred years at least // sono stanco, non reggo più, I'm tired, I cannot hold out any longer // non mi regge il cuore a vederlo così afflitto, my heart breaks (o it breaks my heart) to see him so sad; non mi regge il cuore di farlo; I have not the heart to do it

2 (fig.) ( sopportare) to stand* (sthg.), to stand* up to (sthg.), to bear*: quella ditta non ha retto alla concorrenza, that firm did not stand up to competition; il suo ultimo libro non regge al confronto con i precedenti, his latest book doesn't bear comparison with his earlier works; reggere al caldo, al freddo, to stand (o to bear) the heat, the cold; reggere alle fatiche, to stand up to hard work; reggere alla prova, to stand the test; reggere alle lusinghe, to resist flattery // non regge allo scherzo, he can't take a joke

3 (fig.) ( essere plausibile) to stand* up, to hold* water: questa teoria non regge, this theory does not stand; le sue opinioni non reggono, his opinions do not hold water; le vostre accuse non reggono, there are no grounds for your accusations

4 ( durare) to last, to hold* (out): questo bel tempo non reggerà molto a lungo, this fine weather will not hold out (o last) long; la situazione non resse a lungo, the situation did not last long

5 (avere il dominio, il potere) to be in power, to hold* power, to hold* sway: in quel paese reggono i monarchici, the monarchists are in power (o hold sway) in that country.

◘ reggersi v.rifl. o intr.pron.

1 ( sostenersi) to stand*, to hold* on to (sthg.) (anche fig.): reggere agli appositi sostegni, to hold on to the handgrips provided; si regge in piedi, sulle gambe a fatica, he can hardly stand; ero così stanco che non mi reggevo più, I was so tired that I could not hold out any longer // reggere a galla, to float // con tante spese la ditta stenta a reggere, with so much expense the firm can hardly keep going // erano tanto ubriachi che dovevano reggere l'un l'altro, they were so drunk that they had to hold each other up

2 ( governarsi) to be ruled: quel paese si regge a repubblica, that country is a republic.

* * *

1. ['rɛddʒere]
vb irreg vt
1) (tenere: persona) to hold up, support, (pacco, valigia, timone) to hold

le gambe non lo reggevano più — his legs could carry him no longer

reggi questa borsa, per favore — hold this bag, please

2) (sopportare: peso) to bear, carry, (fig : situazione) to stand, bear

reggere l'alcol — to hold one's drink

non lo reggo più — (fig : persona) I can't put up with him any more

3) (Gramm: sogg: proposizione) to govern, take, be followed by

reggere il dativo — to take the dative

4) (essere a capo di: Stato) to govern, rule, (ditta) to run, manage

2. vi (aus avere)

1) (resistere) to hold on

reggere a — (peso, pressione) to bear, (urto) to stand up to

reggere alla tentazione — to resist temptation

non regge al paragone — it (o he ecc) doesn't stand comparison

non ha retto a tali minacce — he was unable to hold out against such threats

2) (durare: bel tempo, situazione) to last

3) (fig : stare in piedi: teoria) to hold up, hold water

è un discorso che non regge — the argument doesn't hold water

3. vr (reggersi)

1) (stare dritto) to stand, (fig : dominarsi) to control o.s.

(tenersi) reggersi a — to hold on to

(fig : ipotesi) reggersi su — to be based on

reggersi sulle gambe o in piedi — to stand up

non si reggeva in piedi — he could barely stand

non mi reggo più dalla stanchezza — I'm so tired that I can barely stand

reggiti a me — hold on to me

reggiti forte — hold on tight

2)

(uso reciproco) reggersi a vicenda — to support each another

* * *
['rɛddʒere] 1.
verbo transitivo

1) (impedire la caduta di) [ persona] to hold* [ scala]; to hold* up [anziano, ubriaco]; [ cintura] to hold* up [ pantaloni]; (tenere in mano) [ persona] to hold* [ oggetto]

reggimi gli sci — please, hold the skis

2) (sostenere) [colonna, struttura] to bear*, to hold*, to support [tetto, peso]

reggere qcs. sulle spalle — to carry sth. on one's back

il ramo non ti regge — the branch won't hold you

le gambe non mi reggevano più — my legs couldn't carry me any longer

3) (resistere a, far fronte a) to stand* [ prova]; to withstand*, to absorb [ impatto]; to stand*, to handle [ ritmo]; to bear* [ dolore]; to hold* [ sguardo]

reggere l'alcol — to (be able to) hold one's drink

reggere il mare — [ nave] to be seaworthy

4) (sopportare)

non la reggo — I can't stand her

5) (governare) to rule [ paese]; (amministrare) to manage, to run* [ azienda]

6) ling. to govern, to take*
2.
verbo intransitivo (aus. avere)

1) (resistere)

reggere a — to withstand [assalto, urto, shock]; to stand up to [sforzo, fatica]

reggere alla tensione — [ persona] to take the strain

reggere al confronto con — to bear o stand comparison with, to compare favourably with

ha smesso di fumare, ma non reggerà a lungo! — he's given up smoking, but he'll never last out!

2) (essere valido) [teoria, ipotesi] to hold* (good); [ accusa] to hold* up; [ alibi] to stand* up

3) colloq. (durare) [ tempo] to last, to hold*; [ matrimonio] to hold* together
3.
verbo pronominale reggersi

1) (sostenersi) to stand*

- rsi in piedi — to stand up

fa fatica a -rsi in piedi — he can hardly stand

non si regge sulle gambe — he can't stand up

2) (aggrapparsi)

reggere a — to hold on o cling on to [ ringhiera]

reggiti forte! — hold tight!

3) (governarsi)

- rsi a repubblica — to be a republic

••

reggere il colpo — to tough it out

* * *

reggere

/'rεddʒere/ [59]

I verbo transitivo

1 (impedire la caduta di) [ persona] to hold* [ scala]; to hold* up [anziano, ubriaco]; [ cintura] to hold* up [ pantaloni]; (tenere in mano) [ persona] to hold* [ oggetto]; reggimi gli sci please, hold the skis

2 (sostenere) [colonna, struttura] to bear*, to hold*, to support [tetto, peso]; reggere qcs. sulle spalle to carry sth. on one's back; il ramo non ti regge the branch won't hold you; le gambe non mi reggevano più my legs couldn't carry me any longer

3 (resistere a, far fronte a) to stand* [ prova]; to withstand*, to absorb [ impatto]; to stand*, to handle [ ritmo]; to bear* [ dolore]; to hold* [ sguardo]; reggere l'alcol to (be able to) hold one's drink; reggere il mare [ nave] to be seaworthy

4 (sopportare) non la reggo I can't stand her

5 (governare) to rule [ paese]; (amministrare) to manage, to run* [ azienda]

6 ling. to govern, to take*

II verbo intransitivo

(aus. avere)

1 (resistere) reggere a to withstand [assalto, urto, shock]; to stand up to [sforzo, fatica]; reggere alla tensione [ persona] to take the strain; reggere al confronto con to bear o stand comparison with, to compare favourably with; ha smesso di fumare, ma non reggerà a lungo! he's given up smoking, but he'll never last out!

2 (essere valido) [teoria, ipotesi] to hold* (good); [ accusa] to hold* up; [ alibi] to stand* up

3 colloq. (durare) [ tempo] to last, to hold*; [ matrimonio] to hold* together

III reggersi verbo pronominale

1 (sostenersi) to stand*; - rsi in piedi to stand up; fa fatica a -rsi in piedi he can hardly stand; non si regge sulle gambe he can't stand up

2 (aggrapparsi) reggere a to hold on o cling on to [ ringhiera]; reggiti forte! hold tight!

3 (governarsi) - rsi a repubblica to be a republic

IDIOMS

reggere il colpo to tough it out.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > reggere
16 stand

1. intransitive verb,
stood

1) stehen

stand in a line or row — sich in einer Reihe aufstellen; (be standing) in einer Reihe stehen

we stood talking — wir standen da und unterhielten uns

2) (have height)

he stands six feet tall/the tree stands 30 feet high — er ist sechs Fuß groß/der Baum ist 30 Fuß hoch

3) (be at level) [Aktien, Währung, Thermometer:] stehen (at auf + Dat.); [Fonds:] sich belaufen (at auf + Akk.); [Absatz, Export usw.:] liegen (at bei)

4) (hold good) bestehen bleiben

my offer/promise still stands — mein Angebot/Versprechen gilt nach wie vor

5) (find oneself, be)

stand convicted of treachery — wegen Verrats verurteilt sein

as it stands, as things stand — wie die Dinge [jetzt] liegen

the law as it stands — das bestehende od. gültige Recht

I'd like to know where I stand — (fig.) ich möchte wissen, wo ich dran bin

stand in need of something — einer Sache (Gen.) dringend bedürfen

6) (be candidate) kandidieren ( for für)

stand in an election — bei einer Wahl kandidieren

stand as a Liberal/Conservative — für die Liberalen/Konservativen kandidieren

stand for Parliament — (Brit.) für einen Parlamentssitz kandidieren

7)

stand proxy for somebody — jemanden vertreten

8) (place oneself) sich stellen

stand in the way of something — (fig.) einer Sache (Dat.) im Weg stehen

[not] stand in somebody's way — (fig.) jemandem [keine] Steine in den Weg legen

9) (be likely)

stand to win or gain/lose something — etwas gewinnen/verlieren können
2. transitive verb,
stood

1) (set in position) stellen

stand something on end/upside down — etwas hochkant/auf den Kopf stellen

2) (endure) ertragen; vertragen [Klima]

I can't stand the heat/noise — ich halte die Hitze/den Lärm nicht aus

I cannot stand [the sight of] him/her — ich kann ihn/sie nicht ausstehen

he can't stand the pressure/strain/stress — er ist dem Druck/den Strapazen/dem Stress nicht gewachsen

I can't stand it any longer! — ich halte es nicht mehr aus!; see also academic.ru/75052/time">time 1. 1)

3) (undergo) ausgesetzt sein (+ Dat.)

stand trial [for something] — [wegen etwas] vor Gericht stehen

4) (buy)

stand somebody something — jemandem etwas ausgeben od. spendieren (ugs.)
3. noun
1) (support) Ständer, der

2) (stall; at exhibition) Stand, der

3) (raised structure, grandstand) Tribüne, die

4) (resistance) Widerstand, der

take or make a stand — (fig.) klar Stellung beziehen (for/against/on für/gegen/zu)

5) (standing place for taxi, bus, etc.) Stand, der

Phrasal Verbs:

- stand about

- stand aside

- stand back

- stand between

- stand by

- stand down

- stand for

- stand in

- stand out

- stand over

- stand together

- stand up

- stand up for

- stand up to

* * *
[stænd] 1. past tense, past participle - stood; verb
1) (to be in an upright position, not sitting or lying: His leg was so painful that he could hardly stand; After the storm, few trees were left standing.) stehen

2) ((often with up) to rise to the feet: He pushed back his chair and stood up; Some people like to stand (up) when the National Anthem is played.) (auf)stehen

3) (to remain motionless: The train stood for an hour outside Newcastle.) stehen

4) (to remain unchanged: This law still stands.) gelten

5) (to be in or have a particular place: There is now a factory where our house once stood.) stehen

6) (to be in a particular state, condition or situation: As matters stand, we can do nothing to help; How do you stand financially?) liegen

7) (to accept or offer oneself for a particular position etc: He is standing as Parliamentary candidate for our district.) bewerben

8) (to put in a particular position, especially upright: He picked up the fallen chair and stood it beside the table.) stellen

9) (to undergo or endure: He will stand (his) trial for murder; I can't stand her rudeness any longer.) ertragen

10) (to pay for (a meal etc) for (a person): Let me stand you a drink!) spendieren
2. noun
1) (a position or place in which to stand ready to fight etc, or an act of fighting etc: The guard took up his stand at the gate; I shall make a stand for what I believe is right.) der Platz

2) (an object, especially a piece of furniture, for holding or supporting something: a coat-stand; The sculpture had been removed from its stand for cleaning.) der Ständer

3) (a stall where goods are displayed for sale or advertisement.) der Stand

4) (a large structure beside a football pitch, race course etc with rows of seats for spectators: The stand was crowded.) die Tribüne

5) ((American) a witness box in a law court.) der Zeugenstand

•

- take the stand
- standing 3. noun
1) (time of lasting: an agreement of long standing.) die Dauer

2) (rank or reputation: a diplomat of high standing.) der Stand

•

- stand-by
4. adjective
((of an airline passenger or ticket) costing or paying less than the usual fare, as the passenger does not book a seat for a particular flight, but waits for the first available seat.) stand-by
5. adverb
(travelling in this way: It costs a lot less to travel stand-by.) stand-by

- stand-in
- standing-room
- make someone's hair stand on end
- stand aside
- stand back
- stand by
- stand down
- stand fast/firm
- stand for
- stand in
- stand on one's own two feet
- stand on one's own feet
- stand out
- stand over
- stand up for
- stand up to
* * *

stand

[stænd]

I. NOUN

1. (physical position) Stellung f

to take up a \stand somewhere sich akk irgendwo hinstellen

2. (position on an issue) Einstellung f (on zu + dat), Ansicht f (on zu + dat)

what's her \stand on sexual equality? wie steht sie zur Gleichberechtigung?

to make a \stand against sth sich akk gegen etw akk auflehnen

to take a \stand on sth sich akk für etw akk einsetzen

it's her civic duty to take a \stand on civil rights es ist ihre Bürgerpflicht, die Bürgerrechte zu verteidigen

to take a \stand with sb jdm gegenübertreten

I had to take a firm \stand with my son and forbid him to attend that party ich musste meinem Sohn gegenüber hart bleiben und ihm verbieten, diese Party zu besuchen

3. ( form: standstill) Stillstand m

to bring sb/sth to a \stand jdm/etw Einhalt gebieten geh

4. usu pl (raised seating for spectators) [Zuschauer]tribüne f

5. (support) Ständer m

music/revolving \stand Noten-/Drehständer m

6. CHEM Stativ nt

7. (stall) [Verkaufs]stand m

candy/news \stand Süßwaren-/Zeitungsstand m

8. (for vehicles) Stand m

taxi \stand Taxistand m

9. AM (series of performances) Gastspiel nt

one-night \stand One-Night-Stand m fam

10. AM LAW

▪ the \stand der Zeugenstand

to take the \stand vor Gericht aussagen

11. MIL (resistance) Widerstand m

to make [or take] a \stand ( fig) klar Stellung beziehen

12. (group of plants)

\stand of clover Büschel nt Klee

\stand of trees Baumgruppe f

II. INTRANSITIVE VERB

<stood, stood>

1. (be upright) stehen

\stand against the wall stell dich an die Wand

\stand in front of the house stell dich vor das Haus

\stand in a straight line! stellen Sie sich in einer Reihe auf!

the team will \stand or fall by the success of their new model das Team steht und fällt mit dem Erfolg seines neuen Modells

\stand and deliver! ( dated) Hände hoch und Geld her!

to \stand to [or at] attention MIL stillstehen

to \stand guard [or watch] [over sb/sth] [bei jdm/etw] Wache halten

he felt it necessary to \stand watch over the cash box er hielt es für nötig, die Kasse im Auge zu behalten

to \stand on one's hands/head einen Hand-/Kopfstand machen

to \stand clear [or aside] aus dem Weg gehen, beiseitetreten

to \stand erect [or tall] aufrecht [o gerade] stehen

to \stand motionless regungslos dastehen

to \stand still stillstehen

2. + n (be a stated height) messen geh

he \stands over seven feet er misst über sieben Fuß

3. FOOD (remain untouched) stehen

4. (be located) liegen

an old hut stood by the river am Fluss stand eine alte Hütte

the train is \standing at platform 8 der Zug steht auf Gleis 8

to \stand in sb's way jdm im Weg stehen

to \stand in the way of sth etw dat im Weg[e] stehen [o hinderlich sein]

to \stand open offen stehen

5. (have a viewpoint)

how [or where] do you \stand on the issue of foreign policy? was ist Ihre Meinung zur Außenpolitik?

from where she \stands it seemed reasonable to ask von ihrer Warte aus schien es vernünftig zu fragen

6. + adj (be in a specified state) stehen

I never know where I \stand with my boss ich weiß nie, wie ich mit meinem Chef dran bin fam

how do you think your chances \stand of being offered the job? wie, glaubst du, stehen deine Chancen, dass man dir die Stelle anbietet?

with the situation as it \stands right now... so wie die Sache im Moment aussieht,...

to \stand high/low in sb's opinion bei jdm sehr [o hoch] /wenig [o schlecht] angesehen sein

to \stand alone beispiellos [o einzigartig] sein

to \stand aloof from sb/sth ( form) sich akk von jdm/etw distanzieren

to \stand empty [or idle] leer stehen

to \stand fast [or firm] standhaft sein

\stand firm on your decision steh fest zu deinem Entschluss

to \stand pat esp AM hart [o standfest] bleiben

to \stand second/third an zweiter/dritter Stelle stehen

to \stand accused of sth wegen einer S. gen unter Anklage stehen

to \stand accused of murder des Mordes angeklagt sein

to \stand corrected ( form) sich akk geschlagen geben fam

I \stand corrected ich muss mich korrigieren [o gebe meinen Fehler zu]

to \stand to gain [or win] /lose sth wahrscheinlich etw gewinnen/verlieren

7. (separate from)

▪ to \stand between sb/sth zwischen jdm/etw stehen

the handouts he got from his parents were all that stood between Dan and destitution es waren allein die Zuwendungen, die Dan von seinen Eltern erhielt, was ihn vor völliger Mittellosigkeit bewahrte

8. (remain valid) gelten, Bestand haben

does that still \stand? ist das noch gültig?, gilt das noch?

his work still \stands as one of the greatest advances in medical theory seine Arbeit gilt immer noch als eine der größten Leistungen in der Medizin

Newtonian mechanics stood for over two hundred years die Newton'sche Mechanik galt zweihundert Jahre lang unangefochten

9. BRIT, AUS (be a candidate for office) sich akk zur Wahl stellen, kandidieren

▪ to \stand for sth für etw akk kandidieren

to \stand for election sich akk zur Wahl stellen

10.

▶ to \stand on one's own two feet auf eigenen Füßen stehen

▶ to be able to do sth \standing on one's head ( fam) etw mit links machen können fam

▶ to not leave one stone \standing on another keinen Stein auf dem anderen lassen

▶ it \stands to reason [that]... es ist logisch [o leuchtet ein], dass...

III. TRANSITIVE VERB

<stood, stood>

1. (place upright)

▪ to \stand sth somewhere etw irgendwohin hinstellen

she stood the yardstick upright against the wall sie stellte den Messstab gegen die Wand

to \stand sth on its head etw auf den Kopf stellen

2. (refuse to be moved)

to \stand one's ground wie angewurzelt stehen bleiben; (refuse to yield) standhaft bleiben

3. (bear)

▪ to \stand sth etw ertragen [o fam aushalten]

▪ to not [be able to] \stand sth etw nicht ertragen können

our tent won't \stand another storm unser Zelt wird keinen weiteren Sturm überstehen

she can't \stand anyone touching her sie kann es nicht leiden, wenn man sie anfasst

to not be able to \stand the sight of sth den Anblick von etw dat nicht ertragen können

to \stand the test of time die Zeit überdauern

4. (pay for)

▪ to \stand sb sth jdm etw ausgeben [o spendieren]

Catherine stood us all a drink Catherine lud uns alle zu einem Drink ein

to \stand bail for sb für jdn Kaution stellen [o Sicherheit leisten

5. ( fam)

to \stand a chance of doing sth gute Aussichten haben, etw zu tun

6. LAW

to \stand trial [for sth] sich akk vor Gericht [für etw akk] verantworten müssen

7.

▶ to \stand sb in good stead jdm von Nutzen [o Vorteil] sein

* * *
[stnd] vb: pret, ptp stood
1. n

1) (= position) Platz m, Standort m; (fig) Standpunkt m, Einstellung f (on zu)

my stand is that... — ich stehe auf dem Standpunkt, dass..., ich vertrete die Einstellung, dass...

to take a stand (on a matter) — (zu einer Angelegenheit) eine Einstellung vertreten

to take a firm stand — einen festen Standpunkt vertreten (on zu)

2) (MIL: resistance) Widerstand m; (= battle) Gefecht nt

to make a stand (lit, fig) — sich widersetzen, Widerstand leisten

that was their last stand — das war ihr letztes Gefecht

3) (= taxi stand) Stand m

4) (Brit THEAT) Gastspiel nt; (of pop group etc) Konzert nt

5) (= furniture, lamp stand, music stand) Ständer m

6) (= market stall etc) Stand m

7) (= band stand) Podium nt

8) (Brit SPORT) Tribüne f; (US JUR) Zeugenstand m

(we sat) in the stand — (wir saßen) auf der Tribüne

to take the stand (Jur) — in den Zeugenstand treten

9) (esp US FOREST) (Baum)bestand m

2. vt

1) (= place) stellen → stead, head

See:

→ stead, head

2) (= withstand) pressure, close examination etc (= object) standhalten (+dat); (person) gewachsen sein (+dat); test bestehen; climate vertragen; heat, noise ertragen, aushalten; loss, cost verkraften

the wall could stand another coat of paint (inf) — die Wand könnte noch einen Anstrich vertragen

3) (inf: put up with) person, noise, interruptions etc aushalten

I can't stand being kept waiting —

I can't stand it any longer — ich halte das nicht mehr (länger) aus

4) (Brit inf

= treat) to stand sb a drink/a meal — jdm einen Drink/ein Essen spendieren

5)

to stand trial — vor Gericht stehen (for wegen)

3. vi

1) (= be upright) stehen; (= get up) aufstehen

all stand! — alles aufstehen!

don't just stand there(, do something)! — stehen Sie nicht nur( dumm) rum, tun Sie was! (inf)

to stand still — still stehen

we stood talking —

stand and deliver! (old, hum) — anhalten, her mit dem Zeug! (inf)

See:

→ attention, ease

2) (= measure person) groß sein; (tree etc) hoch sein

3) (= be situated) stehen

it has stood there for 600 years — es steht da schon seit 600 Jahren

4) (= remain unchanged) stehen; (fig) bestehen (bleiben)

5)

to stand as a candidate — kandidieren

See:

→ also stand for

6) (= continue to be valid offer, argument, promise) gelten; (objection, contract) gültig bleiben; (decision, record, account) stehen

the theory stands or falls by or on this — damit steht und fällt die Theorie

7) (= be at a certain level thermometer, record) stehen (at auf +dat); (sales) liegen (at bei)

8) (fig

= be in a position) we stand to lose/gain a lot — wir können sehr viel verlieren/gewinnen

he stands to make a lot of money — er wird wohl eine Menge Geld (dabei) verdienen

what do we stand to gain by it? — was springt für uns dabei heraus? (inf), was bringt uns (dat) das ein?

9) (fig

= be placed) how do we stand? — wie stehen wir?

I'd like to know where I stand (with him) — ich möchte wissen, woran ich (bei ihm) bin

where do you stand with him? — wie stehen Sie sich mit ihm?

where do you stand on this issue? — welchen Standpunkt vertreten Sie in dieser Frage?

as things stand — nach Lage der Dinge

as it stands — so wie die Sache aussieht

to stand accused of sth — einer Sache (gen) angeklagt sein

10) (fig

= be, continue to be) to stand firm or fast — festbleiben

to stand ready —

to stand in need of help — Hilfe brauchen

to stand together — zusammenhalten

to stand (as) security for sb — für jdn bürgen

nothing now stands between us — es steht nichts mehr zwischen uns

11)

to leave sb/sth standing ( Brit inf ) — jdn/etw in den Schatten stellen

* * *

stand [stænd]

A s

1. a) Stehen n

b) Stillstand m, Halt m

2. a) (Stand)Platz m, Standort m

b) fig Standpunkt m:

take a stand Stellung beziehen (on zu);

take a common stand einen gemeinsamen Standpunkt einnehmen

3. fig Eintreten n:

make a stand against sich entgegenstellen oder -stemmen (dat), Front machen gegen;

make a stand for sich einsetzen für

4. a) (Zuschauer)Tribüne f

b) Podium n

5. JUR US Zeugenstand m:

on the stand im Zeugenstand;

take the stand

a) den Zeugenstand betreten,

b) als Zeuge aussagen

6. WIRTSCH (Verkaufs-, Messe) Stand m

7. Stand(platz) m (für Taxis)

8. (Kleider-, Noten- etc) Ständer m

9. Gestell n, Regal n

10. a) Stativ n

b) Stütze f

11. (Baum)Bestand m

12. AGR Stand m (des Getreides etc), (zu erwartende) Ernte:

stand of wheat stehender Weizen

13. THEAT Gastspiel(ort) n(m): → one-night stand

14. auch stand of arms MIL (vollständige) Ausrüstung (eines Soldaten)

B v/i prät und pperf stood [stʊd]

1. a) allg stehen:

as there were no seats left, we had to stand;

…, (as) sure ( oder true) as I’m standing here …, so wahr ich hier stehe!;

don’t just stand there, help me! steh nicht herum, hilf mir!;

stand alone allein (da)stehen ( with mit einer Ansicht etc); unerreicht dastehen oder da sein;

stand fast ( oder firm) festbleiben, hart bleiben ( beide:

on in dat)( → B 4);

stand or fall by stehen und fallen mit;

stand gasping keuchend dastehen;

stand on one’s head

a) einen Kopfstand machen, kopfstehen,

b) fig (vor Freude etc) kopfstehen;

I could do this standing on my head umg das könnte ich mit links oder stehend freihändig machen;

stand on one’s hands einen Handstand machen;

stand to lose (to win) (mit Sicherheit) verlieren (gewinnen);

how are things standing? wie stehen die Dinge?;

how do we stand in comparision to …? wie stehen wir im Vergleich zu …?;

as matters ( oder things) stand nach Lage der Dinge, so wie die Dinge stehen;

I want to know where ( oder how) I stand ich will wissen, woran ich bin;

you always know where ( oder how) you stand with him man weiß immer, wie man mit ihm dran ist;

the wind stands in the west der Wind weht von Westen;

stand well with sb mit jemandem gut stehen, sich mit jemandem gut stellen;

leave sb (sth) standing Br umg jemanden (etwas) in den Schatten stellen; → attention 4, foot A 1, leg Bes Redew

c) aufstehen

2. stehen, liegen, sich befinden, sein (Sache): → empty A 2, idle A 5

3. sein:

stand ready; → accuse a, convict A 1 a, correct A 2, need A 1

4. a) auch stand still stillstehen:

stand! halt!;

stand fast! MIL Br stillgestanden!, US Abteilung halt! ( → B 1);

stand still for US → C 7

b) stand and deliver! HIST (Kutschenüberfall) halt, alles Geld her!

5. bleiben:

stand neutral, etc;

and so it stands und dabei bleibt es

6. sich stellen, treten:

stand clear zurücktreten (of von);

stand clear of auch den Eingang etc frei machen;

stand on the defensive sich verteidigen;

stand on the offensive zum Angriff antreten; → stand back 1

7. stand six feet sechs Fuß groß sein (Person), sechs Fuß hoch sein (Mauer etc)

8. sich behaupten, bestehen ( beide:

against gegen):

stand through sth etwas überstehen oder -dauern

9. fig festbleiben

10. (weiterhin) gelten:

my offer stands mein Angebot gilt nach wie vor oder bleibt bestehen;

let sth stand etwas gelten oder bestehen bleiben lassen

11. SCHIFF (auf einem Kurs) liegen oder sein, steuern, halten

12. JAGD vorstehen ([ up]on dat) (Hund)

C v/t

1. stellen (on auf akk):

stand a plane on its nose FLUG einen Kopfstand machen;

stand sth on its head fig etwas auf den Kopf stellen

2. standhalten (dat), aushalten:

he can’t stand the climate er kann das Klima nicht (v)ertragen;

I couldn’t stand the pain ich konnte den Schmerz nicht aushalten oder ertragen;

she couldn’t stand the pressure sie war dem Druck nicht gewachsen;

I can’t stand him ich kann ihn nicht ausstehen oder leiden;

I can’t stand being told ( oder people telling me) what to do ich kann es nicht ausstehen oder leiden, wenn man mir Vorschriften macht; → heat A 1 a, racket² A 4, sight A 2

3. sich etwas gefallen lassen, dulden, ertragen:

I won’t stand that any longer das lasse ich mir nicht länger bieten

4. sich einer Sache unterziehen: → trial A 2

5. bestehen: → test¹ A 2

6. a) Pate stehen

b) Bürgschaft etc leisten: → security 5, sponsor A 2, surety 1

c) Wache stehen: → guard C 3

7. umg

a) aufkommen für

b) (jemandem) ein Essen etc spendieren:

stand a drink einen ausgeben oder spendieren;

stand a round eine Runde schmeißen; → treat C 3

8. eine Chance haben

* * *
1. intransitive verb,
stood

1) stehen

stand in a line or row — sich in einer Reihe aufstellen; (be standing) in einer Reihe stehen

we stood talking — wir standen da und unterhielten uns

2) (have height)

he stands six feet tall/the tree stands 30 feet high — er ist sechs Fuß groß/der Baum ist 30 Fuß hoch

3) (be at level) [Aktien, Währung, Thermometer:] stehen (at auf + Dat.); [Fonds:] sich belaufen (at auf + Akk.); [Absatz, Export usw.:] liegen (at bei)

4) (hold good) bestehen bleiben

my offer/promise still stands — mein Angebot/Versprechen gilt nach wie vor

5) (find oneself, be)

stand convicted of treachery — wegen Verrats verurteilt sein

as it stands, as things stand — wie die Dinge [jetzt] liegen

the law as it stands — das bestehende od. gültige Recht

I'd like to know where I stand — (fig.) ich möchte wissen, wo ich dran bin

stand in need of something — einer Sache (Gen.) dringend bedürfen

6) (be candidate) kandidieren ( for für)

stand in an election — bei einer Wahl kandidieren

stand as a Liberal/Conservative — für die Liberalen/Konservativen kandidieren

stand for Parliament — (Brit.) für einen Parlamentssitz kandidieren

7)

stand proxy for somebody — jemanden vertreten

8) (place oneself) sich stellen

stand in the way of something — (fig.) einer Sache (Dat.) im Weg stehen

[not] stand in somebody's way — (fig.) jemandem [keine] Steine in den Weg legen

9) (be likely)

stand to win or gain/lose something — etwas gewinnen/verlieren können
2. transitive verb,
stood

1) (set in position) stellen

stand something on end/upside down — etwas hochkant/auf den Kopf stellen

2) (endure) ertragen; vertragen [Klima]

I can't stand the heat/noise — ich halte die Hitze/den Lärm nicht aus

I cannot stand [the sight of] him/her — ich kann ihn/sie nicht ausstehen

he can't stand the pressure/strain/stress — er ist dem Druck/den Strapazen/dem Stress nicht gewachsen

I can't stand it any longer! — ich halte es nicht mehr aus!; see also time 1. 1)

3) (undergo) ausgesetzt sein (+ Dat.)

stand trial [for something] — [wegen etwas] vor Gericht stehen

4) (buy)

stand somebody something — jemandem etwas ausgeben od. spendieren (ugs.)
3. noun
1) (support) Ständer, der

2) (stall; at exhibition) Stand, der

3) (raised structure, grandstand) Tribüne, die

4) (resistance) Widerstand, der

take or make a stand — (fig.) klar Stellung beziehen (for/against/on für/gegen/zu)

5) (standing place for taxi, bus, etc.) Stand, der

Phrasal Verbs:

- stand about

- stand aside

- stand back

- stand between

- stand by

- stand down

- stand for

- stand in

- stand out

- stand over

- stand together

- stand up

- stand up for

- stand up to

* * *

(microphone) n.

Stativ -e n. n.

Gestell -e n.

Stand ¨-e m.

Ständer - m. (one's) trial expr.

sich vor Gericht verantworten ausdr. (up) for expr.

eintreten für ausdr. (to tolerate) v.

ertragen prät. v.

(§ p.,p.p.: stood)

= andauern v.

stehen v.

(§ p.,pp.: stand, gestanden)

English-german dictionary > stand
17 IN

in [ɪn]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. preposition

2. adverb

3. adjective

4. plural noun

5. compounds

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. preposition

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When in is an element in a phrasal verb, eg ask in, fill in, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg in danger, weak in, look up the other word.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

   a. (place) dans

• in the box dans la boîte

• in the street dans la rue

► in it/them ( = inside it, inside them) dedans

• our bags were stolen, and our passports were in them on nous a volé nos sacs et nos passeports étaient dedans

   b. (people, animals, plants) chez

• a condition rare in a child of that age une maladie rare chez un enfant de cet âge

• you find this instinct in animals on trouve cet instinct chez les animaux

• it's something I admire in her c'est quelque chose que j'admire chez elle

   c. (with geographical names)

► in + feminine countries, regions, islands en

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► Feminine countries usually end in -e.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• in England en Angleterre

• in Provence en Provence

• in Sicily en Sicile

• in Louisiana en Louisiane

• in Cornwall en Cornouailles

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► en is also used with masculine countries beginning with a vowel or silent h.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• in Israel en Israël

► in + masculine country au

• in Japan/Kuwait au Japon/Koweït

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► Note also the following:

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• in the Sahara au Sahara

► in + plural country/group of islands aux

• in the United States aux États-Unis► in + town/island without article à

• in London à Londres

• in Cuba à Cuba► in + masculine state/French region/county dans

• in Poitou dans le Poitou

• in Sussex dans le Sussex

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► dans is also used with islands with île in their name, and with many departments.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• in the Isle of Man dans l'île de Man

• in the Var dans le Var

• in the Vendée en Vendée

   d. (with time expressions) ( = in the space of) en ; ( = after) dans

• I can't do it in two hours je ne peux pas le faire en deux heures

• he has written twice in three years il a écrit deux fois en trois ans

• it'll be ready in three hours ce sera prêt dans trois heures

• I'll be back in a week je reviendrai dans une semaine

• once in a hundred years une fois tous les cent ans

   e. (month, year, season) en

• in May en mai

• in 2001 en 2001

• in summer/autumn/winter en été/automne/hiver

• in spring au printemps

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► Look up the noun when translating such phrases as in the morning, in the end.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

   f. ( = wearing) en

• they were all in shorts ils étaient tous en short

• in his slippers en pantoufles

• you look nice in that dress tu es jolie dans cette robe

   g. (language, medium, material) en

• in French en français

• in marble/velvet en marbre/velours

   h. (ratio) sur

• one man in ten un homme sur dix

• a one in fifty chance of survival une chance sur cinquante de survie

   i. (following superlative) de

• the highest mountain in Europe la plus haute montagne d'Europe

   j. ( = while) en

• in trying to save her he fell into the water himself en essayant de la sauver, il est tombé à l'eau

2. adverb

   a. ( = inside) à l'intérieur

• she opened the door and they all rushed in elle a ouvert la porte et ils se sont tous précipités à l'intérieur

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When in means in it or in them, it is translated by y.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• she opened her bag and put the ticket in elle a ouvert son sac et y a mis le billet

   b. (at home, work)

► to be in [person] être là

• the boss isn't in yet le patron n'est pas encore là

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When in means at home, chez + pronoun can also be used.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• he's usually in on Saturday morning il est généralement chez lui le samedi matin

• you're never in! tu n'es jamais chez toi !

• is Paul in? est-ce que Paul est là ?

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► to be in may require a more specific translation.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• the essays have to be in by Friday les dissertations doivent être rendues d'ici vendredi

   c. (set structures)

► in between + noun/pronoun entre

• he positioned himself in between the two weakest players il s'est placé entre les deux joueurs les plus faibles

• in between adventures, he finds time for... entre deux aventures, il trouve le temps de...► to be in for sth ( = be threatened with)

we are in for trouble (inf) nous allons avoir des ennuis

• you don't know what you're in for! (inf) tu ne sais pas ce qui t'attend !

• he's in for it! (inf) il va en prendre pour son grade ! (inf)► to be in on sth (inf) ( = know about)

to be in on a secret être au courant d'un secret► in that ( = seeing that)

the new treatment is preferable in that... le nouveau traitement est préférable car...► to be well in with sb (inf) être dans les petits papiers de qn (inf)

• she's well in with the management elle est bien avec la direction

3. adjective

( = fashionable) (inf) à la mode

• it's the in place to eat c'est le restaurant branché (inf) en ce moment

• it's the in thing to... c'est très à la mode de...

4. plural noun

• to know the ins and outs of a matter connaître les tenants et aboutissants d'une affaire

• she knows the ins and outs of the system elle connaît le système dans ses moindres détails

5. compounds

► in-built adjective [tendency] inné ; [feature, device] intégré

► in-car entertainment system noun autoradio m

► the in-crowd (inf) noun les branchés (inf) mpl

• to be in with the in-crowd faire partie des branchés (inf) ► in-depth adjective en profondeur

► in-group noun cercle m fermé

► in-house adjective [training] en entreprise adverb [train, produce] en interne

► in-joke noun plaisanterie f pour initiés

► in-laws (inf) plural noun

( = parents-in-law) beaux-parents mpl ; (others) belle-famille f

► in-patient noun malade mf hospitalisé (e)

► in-service education noun (US) formation f continue

► in-service training noun formation f continue

• to have in-service training faire un stage d'initiation ► in-store adjective [detective] employé par le magasin

► in-tray noun corbeille f « arrivée »

* * *

US Postal services abrév écrite = Indiana

English-French dictionary > IN
18 in

in [ɪn]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. preposition

2. adverb

3. adjective

4. plural noun

5. compounds

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. preposition

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When in is an element in a phrasal verb, eg ask in, fill in, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg in danger, weak in, look up the other word.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

   a. (place) dans

• in the box dans la boîte

• in the street dans la rue

► in it/them ( = inside it, inside them) dedans

• our bags were stolen, and our passports were in them on nous a volé nos sacs et nos passeports étaient dedans

   b. (people, animals, plants) chez

• a condition rare in a child of that age une maladie rare chez un enfant de cet âge

• you find this instinct in animals on trouve cet instinct chez les animaux

• it's something I admire in her c'est quelque chose que j'admire chez elle

   c. (with geographical names)

► in + feminine countries, regions, islands en

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► Feminine countries usually end in -e.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• in England en Angleterre

• in Provence en Provence

• in Sicily en Sicile

• in Louisiana en Louisiane

• in Cornwall en Cornouailles

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► en is also used with masculine countries beginning with a vowel or silent h.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• in Israel en Israël

► in + masculine country au

• in Japan/Kuwait au Japon/Koweït

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► Note also the following:

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• in the Sahara au Sahara

► in + plural country/group of islands aux

• in the United States aux États-Unis► in + town/island without article à

• in London à Londres

• in Cuba à Cuba► in + masculine state/French region/county dans

• in Poitou dans le Poitou

• in Sussex dans le Sussex

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► dans is also used with islands with île in their name, and with many departments.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• in the Isle of Man dans l'île de Man

• in the Var dans le Var

• in the Vendée en Vendée

   d. (with time expressions) ( = in the space of) en ; ( = after) dans

• I can't do it in two hours je ne peux pas le faire en deux heures

• he has written twice in three years il a écrit deux fois en trois ans

• it'll be ready in three hours ce sera prêt dans trois heures

• I'll be back in a week je reviendrai dans une semaine

• once in a hundred years une fois tous les cent ans

   e. (month, year, season) en

• in May en mai

• in 2001 en 2001

• in summer/autumn/winter en été/automne/hiver

• in spring au printemps

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► Look up the noun when translating such phrases as in the morning, in the end.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

   f. ( = wearing) en

• they were all in shorts ils étaient tous en short

• in his slippers en pantoufles

• you look nice in that dress tu es jolie dans cette robe

   g. (language, medium, material) en

• in French en français

• in marble/velvet en marbre/velours

   h. (ratio) sur

• one man in ten un homme sur dix

• a one in fifty chance of survival une chance sur cinquante de survie

   i. (following superlative) de

• the highest mountain in Europe la plus haute montagne d'Europe

   j. ( = while) en

• in trying to save her he fell into the water himself en essayant de la sauver, il est tombé à l'eau

2. adverb

   a. ( = inside) à l'intérieur

• she opened the door and they all rushed in elle a ouvert la porte et ils se sont tous précipités à l'intérieur

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When in means in it or in them, it is translated by y.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• she opened her bag and put the ticket in elle a ouvert son sac et y a mis le billet

   b. (at home, work)

► to be in [person] être là

• the boss isn't in yet le patron n'est pas encore là

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When in means at home, chez + pronoun can also be used.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• he's usually in on Saturday morning il est généralement chez lui le samedi matin

• you're never in! tu n'es jamais chez toi !

• is Paul in? est-ce que Paul est là ?

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► to be in may require a more specific translation.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• the essays have to be in by Friday les dissertations doivent être rendues d'ici vendredi

   c. (set structures)

► in between + noun/pronoun entre

• he positioned himself in between the two weakest players il s'est placé entre les deux joueurs les plus faibles

• in between adventures, he finds time for... entre deux aventures, il trouve le temps de...► to be in for sth ( = be threatened with)

we are in for trouble (inf) nous allons avoir des ennuis

• you don't know what you're in for! (inf) tu ne sais pas ce qui t'attend !

• he's in for it! (inf) il va en prendre pour son grade ! (inf)► to be in on sth (inf) ( = know about)

to be in on a secret être au courant d'un secret► in that ( = seeing that)

the new treatment is preferable in that... le nouveau traitement est préférable car...► to be well in with sb (inf) être dans les petits papiers de qn (inf)

• she's well in with the management elle est bien avec la direction

3. adjective

( = fashionable) (inf) à la mode

• it's the in place to eat c'est le restaurant branché (inf) en ce moment

• it's the in thing to... c'est très à la mode de...

4. plural noun

• to know the ins and outs of a matter connaître les tenants et aboutissants d'une affaire

• she knows the ins and outs of the system elle connaît le système dans ses moindres détails

5. compounds

► in-built adjective [tendency] inné ; [feature, device] intégré

► in-car entertainment system noun autoradio m

► the in-crowd (inf) noun les branchés (inf) mpl

• to be in with the in-crowd faire partie des branchés (inf) ► in-depth adjective en profondeur

► in-group noun cercle m fermé

► in-house adjective [training] en entreprise adverb [train, produce] en interne

► in-joke noun plaisanterie f pour initiés

► in-laws (inf) plural noun

( = parents-in-law) beaux-parents mpl ; (others) belle-famille f

► in-patient noun malade mf hospitalisé (e)

► in-service education noun (US) formation f continue

► in-service training noun formation f continue

• to have in-service training faire un stage d'initiation ► in-store adjective [detective] employé par le magasin

► in-tray noun corbeille f « arrivée »

* * *

Note: in is often used after verbs in English ( join in, tuck in, result in, write in etc). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (join, tuck, result, write etc)

If you have doubts about how to translate a phrase or expression beginning with in ( in a huff, in business, in trouble etc) you should consult the appropriate noun entry (huff, business, trouble etc)

This dictionary contains usage notes on such topics as age, countries, dates, islands, months, towns and cities etc. Many of these use the preposition in. For the index to these notes

For examples of the above and particular functions and uses of in, see the entry below
[ɪn] 1.
preposition

1) ( expressing location or position)

in Paris — à Paris

in Spain — en Espagne

in school — à l'école

in prison/town — en prison/ville

in the film/newspaper — dans le film/journal

I'm in here! — je suis là!; bath, bed

2) (inside, within) dans

in the box — dans la boîte

there's something in it — il y a quelque chose dedans or à l'intérieur

3) ( expressing a subject or field) dans

in insurance — dans les assurances; course, expert

4) (included, involved)

to be in politics — faire de la politique

to be in the team — faire partie de l'équipe

to be in on the secret — (colloq) être dans le secret

I wasn't in on it — (colloq) je n'étais pas dans le coup (colloq)

5) ( in expressions of time)

in May — en mai

in 1987 — en 1987

in the night — pendant la nuit

in the twenties — dans les années 20

at four in the morning — à quatre heures du matin

day in day out — tous les jours (sans exception)

6) ( within the space of) en

to do something in 10 minutes — faire quelque chose en 10 minutes

7) ( expressing the future) dans

I'll be back in half an hour — je serai de retour dans une demi-heure

8) ( for) depuis

it hasn't rained in weeks — il n'a pas plu depuis des semaines, ça fait des semaines qu'il n'a pas plu

9) (during, because of) dans

in his hurry he forgot his keys — dans sa précipitation il a oublié ses clés

10) ( with reflexive pronouns)

it's no bad thing in itself — ce n'est pas une mauvaise chose en soi

how do you feel in yourself? — est-ce que tu as le moral?; itself

11) (present in, inherent in)

you see it in children — on le rencontre chez les enfants

it's rare in cats — c'est rare chez les chats

he hasn't got it in him to succeed — il n'est pas fait pour réussir

there's something in what he says — il y a du vrai dans ce qu'il dit

12) (expressing colour, composition) en

available in several colours — disponible en plusieurs couleurs

13) ( dressed in) en

in a skirt — en jupe

dressed in black — habillé en noir

14) ( expressing manner or medium)

in German — en allemand

in B flat — en si bémol

‘no,’ he said in a whisper — ‘non,’ a-t-il chuchoté

chicken in a white wine sauce — du poulet à la sauce au vin blanc

in pencil/in ink — au crayon/à l'encre

15) ( as regards)

rich/poor in minerals — riche/pauvre en minéraux

deaf in one ear — sourd d'une oreille

10 cm in length — 10 cm de long

16) (by)

in accepting — en acceptant

in doing so — en faisant cela

17) ( in superlatives) de

the tallest tower in the world — la plus grande tour du monde

18) ( in measurements)

there are 100 centimetres in a metre — il y a 100 centimètres dans un mètre

in centimetres — en centimètres

in a smaller size — dans une taille plus petite

19) ( in ratios)

a gradient of 1 in 4 — une pente de 25%

a tax of 20 pence in the pound — une taxe de 20 pence par livre sterling

to have a one in five chance — avoir une chance sur cinq

20) ( in approximate amounts)

in their hundreds ou thousands — par centaines or milliers

to cut something in three — couper quelque chose en trois

21) ( expressing age)

she's in her twenties — elle a entre vingt et trente ans

people in their forties — les gens qui ont entre quarante et cinquante ans

in old age — avec l'âge, en vieillissant
2.
in and out prepositional phrase

to come in and out — entrer et sortir

to weave in and out of — se faufiler entre [traffic, tables]

to be in and out of prison all one's life — passer la plus grande partie de sa vie en prison
3.
in that conjunctional phrase dans la mesure où
4.
adverb

1) ( indoors)

to come in — entrer

to run in — entrer en courant

to ask ou invite somebody in — faire entrer quelqu'un

2) (at home, at work)

to be in — être là

I'm usually in by 9 am — j'arrive généralement à 9 heures

to come in two days a week — venir deux jours par semaine

to be in by midnight — être rentré avant minuit; keep, stay

3) (in prison, in hospital)

he's in for murder — il a été emprisonné pour meurtre

she's in for a biopsy — elle est entrée à l'hôpital pour une biopsie

4) ( arrived)

the train is in — le train est en gare

the ferry is in — le ferry est à quai

the sea ou tide is in — c'est marée haute; come, get

5) Sport

the ball is in — la balle est bonne

6) ( gathered)

the harvest is in — la moisson est rentrée

7) ( in supply)

we don't have any in — nous n'en avons pas en stock

we've got some new titles in — on a reçu quelques nouveaux titres

to get some beer in — aller chercher de la bière

8) ( submitted)

applications must be in by the 23rd — les candidatures doivent être déposées avant le 23

the homework has to be in tomorrow — le devoir doit être rendu demain; get, power, vote
5.
(colloq) adjective

to be in —

to be the in thing — être à la mode

••

to know the ins and outs of an affair — connaître une affaire dans les moindres détails

to have an in with somebody — US avoir ses entrées chez quelqu'un

to have it in for somebody — (colloq) avoir quelqu'un dans le collimateur (colloq)

you're in for it — (colloq) tu vas avoir des ennuis

he's in for a shock/surprise — il va avoir un choc/être surpris

English-French dictionary > in
19 Ducos du Hauron, Arthur-Louis

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

b. 1837 Langon, Bordeaux, France

d. 19 August 1920 Agen, France

[br]

French scientist and pioneer of colour photography.

[br]

The son of a tax collector, Ducos du Hauron began researches into colour photography soon after the publication of Clerk Maxwell's experiment in 1861. In a communication sent in 1862 for presentation at the Académie des Sciences, but which was never read, he outlined a number of methods for photography of colours. Subsequently, in his book Les Couleurs en photographie, published in 1869, he outlined most of the principles of additive and subtractive colour photography that were later actually used. He covered additive processes, developed from Clerk Maxwell's demonstrations, and subtractive processes which could yield prints. At the time, the photographic materials available prevented the processes from being employed effectively. The design of his Chromoscope, in which transparent reflectors could be used to superimpose three additive images, was sound, however, and formed the basis of a number of later devices. He also proposed an additive system based on the use of a screen of fine red, yellow and blue lines, through which the photograph was taken and viewed. The lines blended additively when seen from a certain distance. Many years later, in 1907, Ducos du Hauron was to use this principle in an early commercial screen-plate process, Omnicolore. With his brother Alcide, he published a further work in 1878, Photographie des Couleurs, which described some more-practical subtractive processes. A few prints made at this time still survive and they are remarkably good for the period. In a French patent of 1895 he described yet another method for colour photography. His "polyfolium chromodialytique" involved a multiple-layer package of separate red-, green-and blue-sensitive materials and filters, which with a single exposure would analyse the scene in terms of the three primary colours. The individual layers would be separated for subsequent processing and printing. In a refined form, this is the principle behind modern colour films. In 1891 he patented and demonstrated the anaglyph method of stereoscopy, using superimposed red and green left and right eye images viewed through green and red filters. Ducos du Hauron's remarkable achievement was to propose theories of virtually all the basic methods of colour photography at a time when photographic materials were not adequate for the purpose of proving them correct. For his work on colour photography he was awarded the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society in 1900, but despite his major contributions to colour photography he remained in poverty for much of his later life.

[br]

Further Reading

B.Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London. J.S.Friedman, 1944, History of Colour Photography, Boston. E.J.Wall, 1925, The History of Three-Colour Photography, Boston. See also Cros, Charles.

BC

Biographical history of technology > Ducos du Hauron, Arthur-Louis
20 trace

̈ɪtreɪs I
1. сущ.
1) а) след, отпечаток б) амер. (исхоженная) тропа в) черта, линия;
чертеж на кальке г) запись прибора-самописца
2) а) признаки, следы There's been no trace of my aunt and uncle. ≈ Не было никаких признаков моих тети и дяти. Finally, and mysteriously, Hoffa disappeared without trace. ≈ В конце концов Хоффа таинственно исчезла, не оставив никаких следов. б) незначительное количество, остатки( чего-л.) ;
следы Wash them in cold water to remove all traces of sand. ≈ Вымойте их в холодной воде, чтобы удалить все следы песка.
3) амер. воен. равнение в затылок
4) уст. стезя
2. гл.
1) а) набрасывать (план), чертить( карту, диаграмму и т. п.) б) снимать копию;
калькировать (тж. trace over) в) тщательно выписывать, выводить (слова и т. п.) г) фиксировать, записывать( о кардиографе и т. п.)
2) а) следить( за кем-л., чем-л.), выслеживать б) обнаружить, установить в) находить, усматривать г) прослеживать(ся) ;
восходить к определенному источнику или периоду в прошлом (to, back to) д) восстанавливать расположение или размеры( древних сооружений, памятников и т. п. по сохранившимся развалинам) е) с трудом рассмотреть, различить, разглядеть
3) обыкн. прич. прош. вр. украшать узорами ∙ trace back trace out trace over II сущ.
1) обыкн. мн. постромка
2) строит. подкос обыкн. pl след, отпечаток (ноги, лапы и т. п.) - *s of human feet следы человеческих ног - *s of rabbits on /in/ the snow следы кроликов на снегу - to leave no * не оставлять следов - to follow smb.'s *s идти по чьим-л. следам - to double on one's * делать петли (о преследуемом звере) ;
запутывать следы - hot on the *s of smb. по чьим-л. горячим следам обыкн. pl следы, остатки (чего-л.) ;
признаки - *s of an ancient city следы /остатки/ древнего города - without a * бесследно - with no *s of life без признаков жизни;
не подавая признаков жизни - to remove *s of smth. уничтожать следы чего-л. - no *s remained of the old castle ничего не осталось от старого замка - they could find no * of him они не знали, где его искать;
его и след простыл - she has still some *s of beauty она /ее лицо/ еще хранит следы былой красоты - the room bore numerous *s of his presence в комнате оставались многочисленные следы его пребывания знак, результат, последствия - war had left its *s on him война наложила на него свой отпечаток - sorrow and disappointment had left their *s upon his character горе и разочарование наложили отпечаток на его характер - there were *s of deep emotion on her face печать глубоких переживаний лежала на ее лице( психологическое) энграмма, отпечаток в сознании чуточка, капелька, небольшое количество - a * more salt еще немного /чуть-чуть/ соли примесь;
привкус, призвук и т. п. - a mere * of a smile слабая улыбка, намек на улыбку - without a * of fear без тени страха - to betray *s of anger проявлять признаки гнева - there is just a * of onion in the salad в салате очень немного лука;
в салате едва чувствуется /ощущается/ лук - there is no * of scent on the handkerchief носовой платок без малейшего запаха (духов) - there is no * of truth in the story в рассказе нет ни капли правды - there was not a * of colour in her cheeks у нее в лице не было ни кровинки pl (химическое) следы в анализе, очень малые количества вещества (американизм) исхоженная тропа - sheep * on /along/ the hill овечья тропа на склоне горы (устаревшее) стезя (контрастная) полоса на спине (животного и т. п.) черта, линия запись( какого-л. записывающего аппарата) точка пересечения (линии с плоскостью) или линия пересечения( одной плоскости с другой) чертеж на кальке (спортивное) лыжня( специальное) траектория, трасса (телевидение) ход развертки( военное) трассировка( американизм) (военное) равнение в затылок остаточный - * gases остаточные газы, следы газов (тж. * out) набрасывать (план) ;
чертить (диаграмму, карту и т. п.) - to * (out) a plan of the district набросать план района - * the route on the map in pencil начертите карандашом на карте маршрут показывать( о карте и т. п.) - the map *s the routes of airships на карте показаны маршруты воздушных кораблей намечать себе план действий, линию поведения и т. п. - to * (out) a line of conduct наметить линию поведения - he never followed the policy he *d (out) for himself он никогда не придерживался намеченной им политики (тж. * over) копировать;
снимать копию калькировать тщательно выписывать, выводить (слово, буквы) - to * the words with a shaking hand выводить слова трясущейся рукой (специальное) намечать, трассировать;
провешивать линию следовать, идти ( по следам и т. п.) - to * deer идти по следам оленя - to * a fox to its den пройти по следам лисы до ее норы - they *d a person's footsteps in the snow они шли по следам человека на снегу следить;
выслеживать - to * a person следить за человеком - to * smb. as far as Paris /to Paris/ проследить кого-л. до Парижа проходить вдоль чего-л. с целью выяснить (направление и т. п.) - to * the river to its source пройти (вверх) по реке до ее истока выследить;
найти следы;
признаки - to * long-lost relations разыскать родственников, с которыми давно потерял связь - the police have *d the criminal полиция выследила преступника (тж. * back) проследить;
установить - to * the origin of a plot установить источник заговора - to * the etymology of a word установить этимологию слова - to * the evil to its source добраться до корня зла - to * a family back three hundred years проследить историю семьи на протяжении трех веков - to * the history of English science through most of the XVIIth century проследить историю развития английской науки на протяжении почти всего семнадцатого века - the crime has been *d back to him установлено, что преступление было совершено им - this custom has been *d back to the twelfth century этот обычай восходит к двенадцатому веку прослеживаться;
восходить - a family that *s back to the Norman conquest семья, ведущая свою историю /родословную/ от норманнского завоевателя усматривать, находить, обнаруживать, видеть - to * no spark of jealousy in smb. не видеть /не замечать/ в чьем-л. поведении никаких признаков ревности - to * no reference to it не обнаружить /не найти никаких упоминаний об этом - I cannot * any connection to the event я не могу найти /усмотреть/ никакой связи с этим событием восстанавливать расположение или размеры (древних сооружений, памятников и т. п. по сохранившимся развалинам) - the form of the ancient manor house may still be *d все еще можно восстановить внешний вид старинного помещичьего дома рассмотреть с трудом, различить - I could scarcely * her features in the gloom в темноте я едва мог различить ее лицо разобрать - thrice he *d the runic rhyme трижды он разбирал рунический стих обыкн. p.p. украшать узорами - the stained and *d windows окна с цветными стеклами и узорами фиксировать, записывать, вычерчивать( о кардиографе и т. п.) (физическое) описывать, прочерчивать( траекторию) постромка - in the *s в упряжке (строительство) подкос удочка > in the *s за повседневной работой > to die in the *s умереть на посту > to force smb. into the *s запрячь кого-л. в работу > to work in the *s (американизм) работать по шаблону;
идти проторенным путем;
работать систематически /регулярно/ > to kick over the *s запутаться в постромках (о лошади) ;
упираться, сопротивляться, вставать на дыбы( о лошади) ;
упираться, сопротивляться, вставать на дыбы( о человеке) ;
пускаться во все тяжкие;
злоупотреблять своей свободой ~ след;
to keep trace (of smth.) следить (за чем-л.) ;
without a trace бесследно;
hot on the traces (of smb.) по (чьим-л.) горячим следам ~ усматривать, находить;
I cannot trace any connection to the event я не нахожу никакой связи с этим событием ~ след;
to keep trace (of smth.) следить (за чем-л.) ;
without a trace бесследно;
hot on the traces (of smb.) по (чьим-л.) горячим следам ~ обнаружить, установить;
the police were unable to trace the whereabouts of the missing girl полиция не могла установить местонахождение пропавшей девочки program ~ вчт. след программы selective ~ вчт. выборочная трассировка this custom has been traced to the twelfth century этот обычай восходит к двенадцатому веку this family traces to the Norman Conquest этот род восходит к временам норманнского завоевания trace восстанавливать расположение или размеры (древних сооружений, памятников и т. п. по сохранившимся развалинам) ~ запись прибора-самописца ~ идентификация ценной бумаги с целью выявления настоящего владельца ~ набрасывать (план), чертить (карту, диаграмму и т. п.) ~ незначительное количество, следы ~ обнаружить, установить;
the police were unable to trace the whereabouts of the missing girl полиция не могла установить местонахождение пропавшей девочки ~ стр. подкос ~ (обыкн. pl) постромка ~ вчт. проследить ~ прослеживать(ся) ;
восходить к определенному источнику или периоду в прошлом (to, back to) ~ прослеживать ~ вчт. прослеживать ~ амер. воен. равнение в затылок ~ разыскивать ~ с трудом рассмотреть, различить ~ след;
to keep trace (of smth.) следить (за чем-л.) ;
without a trace бесследно;
hot on the traces (of smb.) по (чьим-л.) горячим следам ~ след ~ вчт. след ~ следить (за кем-л., чем-л.), выслеживать ~ снимать копию;
калькировать (тж. trace over) ~ уст. стезя ~ трасса ~ вчт. трассировка ~ амер. (исхоженная) тропа ~ тщательно выписывать, выводить (слова и т. п.) ~ (обыкн. p. p.) украшать узорами ~ усматривать, находить;
I cannot trace any connection to the event я не нахожу никакой связи с этим событием ~ устанавливать состояние, местонахождение и факт доставки груза ~ фиксировать, записывать (о кардиографе и т. п.) ~ черта ~ чертеж на кальке ~ attr.: ~ elements мин. рассеянные элементы, микроэлементы ~ attr.: ~ elements мин. рассеянные элементы, микроэлементы ~ след;
to keep trace (of smth.) следить (за чем-л.) ;
without a trace бесследно;
hot on the traces (of smb.) по (чьим-л.) горячим следам

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > trace

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never in a hundred years!

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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never in a hundred years!

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